Is Print Media Dead? Essay -- essays research papers

Print media and journalism in general has a bright rising in the upcoming decade. I do believe that it is shifting, and we may have to redefine journalism. Journalism has always defined news accounts, magazines, and the printed word. Broadcast journalists also earn that annotation but to a lesser degree because of the medium they work in. I do think that the printed works of journalists are here to stay for a hanker time. The area that I see changing is where the words are going to be printed. Words are they going to be on paper or on electronic screens?I have always liked newspapers. They can be taken anywhere by anyone. They can also be folded into paper airplanes and thrown around classrooms. The final resting-place of many newspapers is the bathroom. I know that in my house that is where the front page and sports section is. This particular journalism class likes newspapers. I walk in and see many of my classmates reading one everyday. The technology for the extinction of new spapers has been around for fifty years. Fifty years has passed and still newspapers and magazines hold a dominant place in the culture of every race on earth. What makes them so attractive?The information they contain is the main attraction. A poor family in Italy can find out how their favorite soccer team did against the English. A starving Ethiopian can find out when the next shipment of improver aid is coming to his village. We Americans can find out if McDonalds is coming out with a new combo...

Im Ok Your Ok Essay -- essays research papers

A simple summary of Im Ok-Youre Ok will non give the indispensable credit that the book and its author deserve. It is a book that one must read to fully or even partially visualise its importee and the authors viewpoint of transactional analysis. The author, Thomas A. Harris M.D., explains in this book the vast amount of experiences that affect the way we live our life from the moment we are natural to the second we die. He explains the different feelings a child experiences from being taken cared of and attended to and vice versa. These feelings are described as Im not ok-youre not ok, Im not ok-youre ok, Im ok-youre ok, and Im ok-youre not ok. The author explains how the interactions amid a parent and a child help develop each of these feelings and tells how each one is either healthy or unhealthy. The book talks astir(predicate) the way every human has an Adult, Parent and a Child in them all interacting with each other to perform certain task and make effortless decisions . It was amazing to read how certain verbal and physical actions can pinpoint which of the three we are using to perform whatever tasks we are doing. This book is a great guideline to understanding ones own interpersonal behavior and understanding how to find and keep the Im ok-youre ok attitude in life.Human development has ceaselessly puzzled me in that I just dont understand why everybody is completely different. No two people are a same(p) in their ways of thinking, acting, or even dealing with everyday stress. I still dont understand all of human development but after reading this book I do understand a great deal more slightly it. I did not realize that the development of a persons personality starts from the earliest moments of life. It starts to develop when his or her mother or father holds them for the number 1 time and it and it doesnt stop developing and can always change. As I bemuse grown up, I have realized that many of my actions are just mimics of what my parent s did during my childhood. Just every day simple things such as chewing the inside portion of my lip while watching television, which is what my father has always done. The book explained to me that I saw these things being done by my parents and paired them in my mind as what an adult does, therefore I do them this instant because it is ... ...r word usage. I can usually pick out certain words that trigger the thought a child or parent. I have chance the more stable a person is or the more educated a person is the more their parent potential shows out. The longer or more complex their words are the more likely their adult decisions are parental influenced. I even have noticed myself sometime having a strong child influence. I sometime get mad and even whine a little. I recognized my inner child during a humor game when I got beaten by a better hand and I stood up and wanted to quit. Usually I dont notice these things right from the get go but later when I think about I just lau gh because I know I looked like a child. I know I will continue to observe peoples actions as well as my own and hopefully I can learn or teach myself how to control my interpersonal feelings.This book is a great self help book in my mind. I would decidedly tell others to read it but not to get discouraged at it because it does take some time reading it to understand its purpose. We all have interpersonal problems but this book is a wonderful guideline in understanding them and controlling them.

Pollution and the Environment Essays -- Environmental

Pollution and the Environment Pollution occurs when harmful substances or products are introduced into the surround. It is a major problem in America, as well as the rest of the world. Pollution damages the environment and does harm to humans and other animals. It creates many problems, from lung cancer to the greenhouse effect. Oblivious to the damage they cause, rednecks reach out to throw trash out of the window instead of walking two feet to a garbage can. The laziness of these types of people creates problems for the entire planet. People must transact that something needs to change. Why does our world continue to become more polluted year after year? Obviously, most pollution comes from automobiles. The most famous pollutant from cars is the exhaust. The fume given off as a byproduct of the engine slowly damage our lungs and the atmosphere. The exhaust is also toxic to human beings. Cars produce a giving amount of noise pollution as well as a large amount of heat. Des pite all the damage caused by cars, no world-shaking progress has been made to change their destructiveness. People call the car progress an improvement on our daily lives. However, making a sport out of destroying the environment as NASCAR does cannot be justified as progress.Another major source of waste is garbage. Americans throw away millions of tons of garbage each year. There are projects underway to clean and reuse this trash, but most of it ends up in huge landfills. ...

Nicaragua :: essays research papers

NicaraguaThe area of Nicaragua is 50,193 sq. mi. The Nicaraguan highlands, with aelevation about 2000 ft, skip over Nicaragua from the northwest to the southeast.Several mountain ranges, the highest of which, the Cordillera Isabelia, reachesan elevation of more than 6890 ft, cut the highlands from east to west. In thewest is a great basin, or depression, containing two lakes, Nicaragua, thelargest in underlying America, and Managua. The two are connected by the TipitapaRiver. A chain of volcanoes, which are a contributory cause of localearthquakes, rises between the lakes and the Pacific coast. In the east, theCaribbean coastal plain known as the Costa de mosquitoes (Mosquito Coast)extends some 45 mi. inland and is partly overgrown with rain forest. The fourprincipal rivers, the San Juan, Coco (Wanks), Grande, and Escondido, empty intothe Caribbean.The earthy resources of Nicaragua are primarily agricultural. Deposits ofvolcanic material have enriched the soil, which is extremely fertile. Abouthalf the land is covered with forests. The country has some deposits of gold,silver, and copper.About 77% of the Nicaraguan population is mestizo (people of mixed white andNative American descent), about 10% is white, and the re main(prenominal)der is NativeAmerican (4%) and black (9%). The population of Nicaragua is 3,745,000,yielding an general density about 75 per sq. mi. Approximately 60% of thepopulation is concentrated in the western part of the country, and more than 55%is urban.Political Divisions and Principal CitiesNicaragua is split up into six regions and three special zones. Managua, with apopulation of 682,100, is the capital and commercial center. Len is animportant religious and cultural center. Granada is the terminus of the railwayfrom the main port of entry, Corinto, on the Pacific coast.Spanish is the official language of Nicaragua. Nearly 90% of the Nicaraguanpeople are Roman Catholic most of the symmetricalness are Protestant.As in other Latin American countries, the culture of Nicaragua reflects Spanishcultural patterns, influential since the colonial period, combined with anancient Native American heritage. Nicaraguans hold many colorful celebrationsto commemorate local saints days and ecclesiastical events. The marimba isextremely popular, and ancient instruments such as the chirima (clarinet),maraca (rattle), and zul (flute) are cat valium in rural areas. Dances fromcolonial times survive, as do fine examples of architecture.The coast of Nicaragua was sighted by Christopher Columbus in 1502, but thefirst Spanish expedition, under Gil Gonzlez Dvila, did not arrive until 1522it established several Spanish settlements. A second conquistador, FranciscoFernndez de Crdoba, founded Granada in 1523 and Len in 1524.

Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

&8220Maybe I did not live as I ought to have done, &8230 but how could that be, when I did everything properly?I can hear it now, Willy Loman uttering those words as he flips through the pages of his life. In the play, Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, we witness the deterioration and death of a very well intentioned man. The quote above from Leo Tolstoy&8217s Ivan Ilych, could not possibly better echo the place developed in Arthur Miller&8217s play. The play becomes Willy Loman&8217s life trial in which he and his family undergo an intense review of their lives. Willy through his confessions searches to beget out what went wrong in his life. However, he dies without ever grasping the truth of it totally.Willy Loman is a traveling salesman in his sixties. As we first find him, he is in the showtime of an emotional crisis. His past, recurring to him in realistic flashbacks, is interfering with the present. Each episode draws forth another job that Willy has to face in his p resent situation. The problem for Willy was the question that he was asking himself. It is a question that many older individuals ask themselves, &8220Did I succeed in life, was it all worth it? Poor Willy is beginning to realize that he has lived his entire life for the wrong reasons. Willy raised his two sons in all the wrong ways. He encouraged cheating and mocked hard devise and true success. Everything in his life was a false standard. Willy&8217s view of an individual&8217s success was how well that individual was, &8220liked. He instilled in his children all the wrong values and encouraged all the wrong things. This poor moral installment is typified in this conversation between Willy and his son Biff. BIFF I flunked maths dad&8230&8230. Would you talk to him? He&8217d like you Pop. You know the way you could talk. WIILY You&8217re on. We&8217ll drive right backBIFF Oh, Dad, good work I&8217m sure he&8217ll change it for you. See, the reason he hates me, Pop-one day he was late for class so I got up at the chalkboard and imitated him. I crossed my eyes and talked with a lithp. WILLY laughing You did? The kids like it?I really found this conversation to show the exact problem that Willy had. He had instilled the slash values in his children and then never sought to correct them.

Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

&8220Maybe I did not live as I ought to have done, &8230 but how could that be, when I did everything properly?I can hear it now, Willy Loman uttering those words as he flips through the pages of his life. In the play, Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, we witness the deterioration and death of a very well intentioned man. The quote above from Leo Tolstoy&8217s Ivan Ilych, could not possibly better echo the view developed in Arthur Miller&8217s play. The play becomes Willy Loman&8217s life trial in which he and his family undergo an intense review of their lives. Willy through his confessions searches to find out what went wrong in his life. However, he dies without ever grasping the truth of it wholly.Willy Loman is a traveling salesman in his sixties. As we first find him, he is in the rise of an emotional crisis. His past, recurring to him in realistic flashbacks, is interfering with the present. Each episode draws forth another chore that Willy has to face in his presen t situation. The problem for Willy was the question that he was asking himself. It is a question that many older individuals ask themselves, &8220Did I succeed in life, was it all worth it? Poor Willy is beginning to realize that he has lived his entire life for the wrong reasons. Willy raised his two sons in all the wrong ways. He encouraged cheating and mocked hard engagement and true success. Everything in his life was a false standard. Willy&8217s view of an individual&8217s success was how well that individual was, &8220liked. He instilled in his children all the wrong values and encouraged all the wrong things. This poor moral installment is typified in this conversation between Willy and his son Biff. BIFF I flunked mathematics dad&8230&8230. Would you talk to him? He&8217d like you Pop. You know the way you could talk. WIILY You&8217re on. We&8217ll drive right backBIFF Oh, Dad, good work I&8217m sure he&8217ll change it for you. See, the reason he hates me, Pop-one day he was late for class so I got up at the chalkboard and imitated him. I crossed my eyes and talked with a lithp. WILLY laughing You did? The kids like it?I really found this conversation to show the exact problem that Willy had. He had instilled the clear up values in his children and then never sought to correct them.

Define personality & motivation

Personalities atomic number 18 usually described as how introverted or extroverted somebody is. And introvert is some champion who is usually more than quiet and modelful whereas as an extrovert is someone who is more loud and excitable. If you are either introvert or extrovert it a lot affects the types of sport you like e. G. And introvert character would usually play something Like tennis as its a sport they tail play as one and not In a aggroup, an extrovert person would usually Like team sports more such as football and rugby. Introverts enjoy sports with more concentration, precision with intricate skills.Introvert characters are usually more self-motivated. Extroverts tend to enjoy sports which are faster paced, exciting and where you need a lower concentration. These are usually team sports and they tend to be motivated by others around them. Extroverted people are often Involved in sports which require a degree of aggression. in that location are 2 types of aggressi on Indirect aggression this means taking kayoed your aggression on an object. Direct aggression The aggression is in the guardianship of another player. It involves physical contact such as a rugby tackle or in wrestling or boxing.Essences theory The Essences theory was thought of by a German man who Identified ii dimensions f personality which act as continuous, with an individuals personality falling anywhere along the two lines, as sh feature below These two dimensions are stable/unstable and introverted/extroverted. For example, if an Individual Is introverted (shy of social contact) but stable, they are likely to be reliable, quieten and controlled. An extroverted (enjoys social affiliation) unstable individual is likely to be tough, aggressive and excitable. Rationality, there are 3 different types of body types Stepmother these are people with a tall slim figure, Sheldon thought these people tended to be more Self- unconscious, tense, private (keeps to themselves), an d introverted. Endomorphism these people are shorter and are a bit fatter, Sheldon thought these people were more tolerant, sociable and relaxed. Monochromes these are people who have broad shoulders and are more muscular, Sheldon thought these people were more extrovert, assertive, and are risk takers.The Giordano theory (trait theory) this theory is bout into to 2, there are 2 types of people Type A and Type B. Type A these are more introvert people which enjoy their own company, they have a strong desire to succeed, they like control, often suffers tress and are never happy with what they have (they always want more). Being a type A person will benefit their performance if they are doing a sport which involves only themselves. Type B these tend to be more extrovert people who are more laid back and happy with what they have, theyre less competitive and often work at a slower pace.They do not enjoy control and theyre able to relax easily. Being a type B person will often ben efit them if theyre playing a team sports and where they wad have the help of others. Motivation a reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way. There are several theories to do with demand, these include The attribution theory a belief required overtime that one has no control over events and that failure is required / out of their hands. Its a feeling of hopelessness.There are 3 attribution categories these are stability, locus of casualty, locus of control. These 3 categories all go two ways. Stability you can either be stable or unstable. Locus of casualty you can either be internal or external. Locus of control the person can either be in control of themselves or out of control of themselves. Athletes that attribute their performance outcome to stable internal factors such as travail and ability and to factors under their control are more likely to achieve in sport.Athletes that attribute their performance outcome to unstable-external factors such as lu ck and hassle and to factors out of their control are more likely to fail in sport and as they have no goals set out for themselves. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the body, therefore it will be the performer driving themselves to be better. Intrinsic people tend to be able to overcome tasks eave goals set out for themselves to keep progress and maintain motivation. They will have a feeling of pride and enjoyment in their performing the skill.I believe its better for a performer to be intrinsic because its they are driving themselves to better, they want to be better, therefore they will get better. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. These are things which can boost the athlete to perform and fall into two groups Tangible rewards These are physical rewards like medals, trophies and money. These should not be used as much with young athletes o avoid a situation where winning a prize is more important than competing.

Absolutism under Louis XIV

Louis XIV lived from 1638- 1715 and became the king of France in 1654. At the time he became king, France was fiscally ruined, politically corrupt, and divided in the midst of warring nobles and private armies and under the threat of riots from the people, especially in genus Paris. Louis XIV was an absolute monarch. Absolutism is the system of rule that allows one or more rulers to adjudge absolute power over everything in the land. There is no higher power and heretofore the Parliament could non overrule Louis decisions.As absolute monarch, Louis XIV vex about reforming the state politically, economically and culturally. Louis XIVs absolute monarchy had three components Centralization- this meant that the monarchy was the center of everything. All decisions from the monarchy were undisputable and final. All counties and villages were expected to trace this rule to lay down a united state and a centralized leadership. Economic reforms- Under the guidance of Jean-Baptiste C olbert (1619-83) a modern system of accountancy and yearly state budgeting was introduced.Colbert to a fault supervised systematic attacks on corruption, removing, punishing, or paying(a) off office holders. He also introduced tax reforms ending exemptions, tax-farming, and military collection of taxes and state bread and butter for industry, science, art, and the arts. As regards the operations of the state, Colbert raised government income to the point when it could pay for quite massive expenses. Government subsidizing and directing of industry and manufacture increased productivity, raised wages, and brought France into the trade wars with the English and the Dutch.Colbert, like many French officials, repeatedly remarked that the inhabitants must pay the tax not tho because it would raise additional funds, but also because paying the levy was the obedience which is callable His Majesty. Theater of Monarchy-this is the public repre directation of royal power and glory. Un der the theory of absolutism, sovereignty is grounded in deity, not the people. The glory of the monarch is, as it were, the earthly point at which is expressed both the glory of the state as a social whole ordered around and mutualist upon the monarch and the glory of God from whom the monarch derives power and role.It was therefore important to show, through royal events and presentations, the state as personified by the king. Louis XIV distinguished among nature as it ought to be, as ordained by God, and nature as it is, disrupted by human activity. As the new, distant and mysterious God no longer intervened directly in the natural order, it fell to the monarch to uphold nature as it ought to be and prevent it disintegrating into disorder. One of his reforms began with the acquisition of the sparing of Roussillonnais in 1659, which was inhabited by a specific ethnic group known as the Catalans.Louis XIV understood that there can be no shared political allegiance without sha red cultural values. Thus a government, if it is to exercise its political authority in an area, must first make the land culturally homogeneous with the ruling nation. Louis XIV undertook to replace the Catalan ethnic identity with the French one, mandating the foods, clothing, statutory system, language, educational institutions, and religious traditions that should be used in the province. The Catalans did not agree with Louis and made it clear with smuggling, legal battles and even open rebellion.They wished to maintain their own culture and laws and did not want to accept the monarchy as their ruler. comparable all peasants, they were reluctant to pay taxes to the monarchy and many turned to smuggling as an alternative. By the 1680s, however, Louis XIV and his government were successful in achieving their goal of political assimilation. The Roussillonais had legitimate France as their political rules but continued to conduct their legal, commercial, judicial, and religious business in the Catalan language, continued to dress as Catalans, to give their children Catalan names, and to honor traditional feasts.They were quite firmly French in a political sense, and equally firmly Catalan in their culture. A trend that began in the seventeenth century was for the ruler to govern from one location versus the many homes and palaces of the past. Louis XIV was one such ruler, moving from the royal palace of the Louvre in Paris to a permanent home in Versailles. It was from this location that he ruled France for his entire reign. Louis XIV was also known as the sun king due to his use of the symbol as his personal emblem.As the highest star, now accepted by science as the centre of the universe, the sun was an obvious choice to symbolize absolutisms claim to constitute the political centre of earthly life. The sun was both terrifying and awe inspiring, dazzling through its brightness, yet also warming and beneficent, and without its presence all life would wh ither away. One of the ways a monarch distanced himself from his subjects was to show his magnificence and largesse. This came in the form of elaborate operas, lavish banquets and court music.It was not uncommon to have fountains with slowing wine, roast oxen, coins minted for the occasion and bread handed out to the masses. This was to show the generosity and benevolence of the ruler and assure the people that their assert in the monarchy was well placed. It also served to reiterate the idea that the monarch was the center of everything and should be respected as such. Not everything regarding absolutism was beneficial, especially for the peasants of the land.The taxes imposed by Louis XIV and his government went far to provide funds for the monarchy and various military skirmishes, but The accumulative effect of these taxes was well observed by the royal commissioners sent to investigate the collection of taxes in the Orleanais and Le Maine in 1687 who observed that there are har dly any peasants that own propertythere are only small farmers who own nothing. The proprietors must furnish them with cattle, advance them money on which to live, pay their tallies and take in payment the peasants entire delegate of the harvest. Even this is sometimes insufficient to cover his debts.Thus the small farmers earn nothing they leave the land as destitute as they came to it. What cash was left they tell went into paying taxes so that there was almost no money left for individuals from this comes the dec cable television service of commerce. As a result, riots and rebellions by the peasants were common. Tax collectors met with violence or even conclusion in some instances. It was not until Louis XIVs General Controller of Finance, Jean-Baptise Colbert changed the way things were done regarding the taxes. Colberts everyday management of the taxes was intelligently conceived just now to reduce the difficulties experienced earlier.Much effort went into collecting existi ng taxes as equitably as possible, into preventing the accumulation of arrears (those of the final years of the war being formally cancelled), and into make the most unpopular forms of coercion a last resort. 94 Although the revenue from indirect taxes was greatly increased this was achieved without creating new levies. The significance of this policy was emphasized when financial pressure was increased after the renewal of war in 1672, with the new duties of 1675, the marque detain and the papier timbre, setting off the last major rebellions of the ancient regime.Under Louis XIVs absolute rule, France enjoyed a peaceful and prosperous era. Colbert reformed the taxes and they dwindled down to custom duties, a tax on salt and a tax on land. He also encouraged trade and commerce by the merchants and inventors of the land and sought to decrease the Frenchs dependence on foreign goods. These acts stopped the indispensable civil wars until almost a hundred years later. During Colberts ministry the position of the laborers was doubly affected, by more stringent tax assessment and by a rate of good harvests which resulted in low grain prices.Since these trends favored the mass of poor peasants, there was little prospect of uniting communities in revolt behind an unpopular minority of the rich, whose difficulties were in any case only relative. It was not until Napoleon that France had internal discord again. Other areas of improvement were the legal reforms Louis XIV implemented. The major legal code instituted at this time was the basis of the Napoleon Code which in turn is the basis for the modern French legal codes.The War of Spanish sequence began when the King of Spain, Charles II, bequeathed all his possessions to Philip duc Danjou, who was the grandson of Louis XIV. This made Philip the king of Spain. Aside from the fact that others wanted to claim the throne for themselves, the crowning of Philip assured Louis XIV of a Spanish alliance in his quest to exp and. Other countries joined the side of the Holy Roman Empire, who wanted to stop France from expanding any further. Philip and Spain sided with Louis XIV and France. The war was fought both in Europe and in North America, where it was known as the Queen Annes War. The war lasted for over a decade and as a result, Philip was removed from the line of succession for the throne of France. This made the opposition happy since a union of France and Spain was now impossible. In the end, Louis XIVs numerous wars and extravagant palaces and chateaux effectively bankrupted the fix (though it must also be said that France was able to recover in a matter of years), forcing him to levy higher taxes on the peasants and incurring large postulate debts from various financiers as the nobility and clergy had exemption from paying these taxes and contributing to public funds.Yet, it must be emphasized that it was the State and not the country which was impoverished. Before his death in 1715, Louis XIV determined that his five year old grandson, Louis XIII would succeed him to the throne. He is alleged to have told the child Do not follow the bad example which I have set you I have often undertaken war too lightly and have sustained it for vanity. Do not imitate me, but be a peaceful prince, and may you apply yourself principally to the alleviation of the burdens of your subjects.Although Louis XIV did make some mistakes during his reign, he had many victories as well. His display of absolute monarchy set an example for many of the European princes, who followed his examples of art, food and political systems. Absolutism fell out of favor among the monarchy not long after Louis XIV died but the gains that he made provided a stable base for France to prosper in the future. Louis XIV had been married twice and fathered both legitimate and whoreson children, none of whom followed in his footsteps of absolutel rule.Works Cited Briggs, Robin. Communities of Belief Cultural and Soc ial Tension in Early Modern France. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1995. Parker, David. French Absolutism. History Review (1997) 14+. Stewart, David. Assimilation and cultivation in Seventeenth-Century Europe Roussillon and France, 1659-1715. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1997. Wilson, Peter H. Absolutism in Central Europe. London Routledge, 2000.

To Build a Fire

To Build a Fire Theme Analysis Behold, how grrust a way step forward a little fire kindleth -New Testament James 35 To Build a Fire is a short story written by Jack capital of the United Kingdom. This story was originally published in 1902, with the famous version being published in 1908. When London was a student at the University of California, Berkeley, he had discovered the name of his biological father and wrote to him in an attempt to establish a relationship. His letter was returned with the man denying paternity. This denial negatively overwhelmed London, resulting in him dropping out of college and sailing to the Yukon in Canada to pursue the gold rush.This location had a profound impact on London and has resulted in his naturalist writing type. The Yukon has been the repairting in many of his stories including To Build a Fire. This short story details a logger new to the Yukon Territory and his trek down a trail with his barbarian dog. While walking down the trail, the man breaks through the ice and plunges shin deep into the frigid water. Knowing frostbite would dress up in, he is strained to come up camp and start a fire to dry off and warm up. His first fire is extinguished and he is unable to light a new one. Frostbite and hypothermia set in and the man eveningtually succumbs to his fate.Also read The Story of an Eyewitness Essay AnalysisThis short story showcases the theme of humanness vs. Nature. London is able to support this theme with his use of setting, portend, and irony. This theme is confirmed by the published analysis To Build a Fire written by James chisel, which was published in 2004. Londons detailed use of setting has the greatest influence in showcasing the theme of Man vs. Nature. This story takes slur in the Yukon Territory of Canada where There was no sun nor hint of sun, though there was not a cloud in the sky (London 127). His initial punctilious detailed setting of the trail and weather virtually puts the reader in the boots of the logger. He spat again. And again, in the air, before it could fall to the snow, the spittle crackled (London 128). This explanation shows the organic level of coldness that the man is being challenged with. This detail gives readers the ability to compare the cold that they are used to with the cold that he is facing. This adds to the impending fears that the reader feels, even though the man shrugs it off. This arguing also details the isolation the man is facing when he mentions, A foot of snow had fallen since the last ride had passed over (London 128). This isolation sets the one man vs. ll of nature impending battle. The trail is also later described to include more of the possible dangers the man is against much(prenominal) as, He knows the area and realizes the danger of springs hidden beneath the snow, covered only by a thin sheet of ice (Welsh). This adds more dangers to an already solemn hike. Londons detailed description of the setting showcases t he merciless features of nature and places the environment as the antagonist against our inexperienced logger. When London isolates the character and combines the violent characteristics of the setting, he emphasizes the theme of Man vs. Nature.Foreshadowing is the literary device used to suggest certain plot events that might happen in the future. London is able to use foreshadowing to enlighten the readers into the possible traps the logger is facing all while building the suspense of the story. The human condition is explained by the logger as the, frailty as a creature of temperature, and upon mans frailty in general, able to only to live within certain narrow limits of heat and cold (London 128). This statement exposes the weakness of humans and gives the readers a glimpse of how the logger might face hardship due to weakness to temperature.Later in the story the dogs musical mode changes and he develops a menacing apprehension that subdued it and made it slink along at the m ans heels it wanted fire, or else to burrow beneath the snow (London 129). This gives readers the feeling that the dog knows that the weather is too terrible to travel and an impending danger is present. Traveling down the trail, the dog breaks through the ice and is forced to lick the ice away to prevent frostbite foreshadowing that the man would be going through the same trials. Before the coming of winter, the old-timer from Sulpher brook had warned him that one should always travel in winter with a partner and that one should never attempt to travel alone in temperatures colder than fifty degrees below zero. In his ignorance, the tenderfoot had laughed at the old-timers advice (Welsh). This builds on the anticipation that the advice may become used later in the story. Every time he comes on a suspected trap, he forces the dog to go ahead to see if it is safe (Welsh). By putting the dog into harms way, it gives a sense of impending karma.Throughout the starting and middle of t he story, London uses foreshadowing to build the suspense and give readers a look at aspects of nature that may come to challenge the protagonist. Throughout the story, London uses irony to demonstrate Man vs. Nature all while offering some dark comedy. When the man first decides to take a break and eat lunch he stops and builds his first successful fire. The fire has restored his confidence, but the dog wants to stay by the warmth and safety of the fire (Welsh). Looking back, one may see the irony of the knowledge level of the dog and understand how the man should have stayed with his fire.The man also shrugs off frostbite earlier in the story as a bit painful, but never serious (London 129). Readers are more aware than the traveller that frostbite can kill and the traveler eventually finds this out. Throughout the story the man was extremely careful and he eventually breaks through the ice At a place where there were no signs, where the soft, unbroken snow seemed to advertise sol idity beneath (London 131). The man then has to build a fire to dry his feet so frostbite doesnt set in. He decides to build the fire underneath a tree so that he has fuel readily available and protection for the fire.This idea backfires and snow from atop the tree falls and extinguishes the fire. When a reader examines the mannerisms of the dog, he or she may see that he has a offend understanding of the weather and environment. He wants to set up camp instead of travel. The dog did not want to go. It hung back until the man shoved it forward (London 130). The irony being the dog is smarter than the man. London uses these examples of irony to better describe the merciless personality of the setting and add dark humor in an otherwise depressing story. An ironic strain that runs throughout the story is the tenderfoots sense of superiority and contempt for the old trapper on Sulphur Creek. The irony is dramatic in that the reader soon realizes that the old man was right, a recogniti on that escapes the tenderfoot until the very end of the story (Welsh). Jack Londons To Build a Fire is an image provoking heart-pounding story and his use of setting, irony and foreshadowing perfectly exemplifies the Man vs. Nature theme. This theme has been also noted in many published literary works such as James Welshs analysis.Londons level of detail and ability to place you in the situation makes this story one that will remain a classic for years to come. WORKS CITED Kennedy, X. J. , and Dana Gioia. To Build a Fire. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Twelfth ed. Boston Pearson, 2013. 127-37. Print. Welsh, James M. To Build a Fire. Masterplots II Short Story Series, Revised Edition. capital of Oregon Press, 2004. 1-3. Print. http//ezproxy. cfcc. edu/login? url=http//search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. cfcc. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db=lkh&AN=103331MSS23119240001174&site=lrc-plus

Managing and Preserving Electronic Health Records Essay

This proposal discusses how to apply standard and interoperable solutions to manage and preserve electronic health records (lab test results, physician notes, etc.) and migrate, distribute, replicate, and access these records from legacy formats and platforms. Another distinguished thing the proposal discusses is incorporating a technological system that leave alone eitherow better time management and increase profitability at CorpHealth.Business riddle StatementThe business problem to be solved is how to improve time management by improving strategic planning and incorporating new technology that allow for allow better time management and planning. Also the beau monde currently does not have a system that preserves electronic health records. It is master(prenominal) for the company to start working to create a standard preservation infrastructure to support a wide variety of electronic health records, information formats, and delivery mechanisms as well as identify, evaluat e, and integrate standard and best practices in the long-term preservation and management tools to migrate, replicate, and distribute electronic health records. before long the only technological advance the company uses is the Cholestest LDX system that provides efficient and economical point of care testing for cholesterol and related lipids, and blood glucose serve as diagnostic tools that provide information for immediate risk assessment and therapeutic monitoring of heart disease, inflammatory disorders anddiabetes.allows and improve insight into the financial management aspects of the company for improved strategic planning and performance monitoring.Name of the Company or OrganizationCORPHEALTH Medical and Wellness Solutions, Inc.Brief Description of Proposed SolutionIncorporating new technology at CorpHealth will allow the business to reach out to new customer increase profit and grow technologically. Looking at these issues will aid decrease major challenges the Company fa ces in IT, operations, strategic planning while diminishing the risk on non-compliance regulatory fees. CorpHealth should develop business tailored solutions to desegregate a better strategy that overall will bring growth and stability to the company.General Benefits it will provide the OrganizationGeneral benefits to the company will mean growth and advancement. The company need to stay ahead of the competition and implementing new marketing strategy in different ways is a groovy way to attract different clients or new demographics. Implementing new technology will improve the speed and accuracy of diagnoses. Implementing a new system that will allow health information to be safe and secure will allow the current clients and future clients to have peace of mind. Also this will allot the Company better access to the information if needed by the Doctor allowing better time management to the Staff.Audience to whom you are presenting the recommendation(s)The audience of this proposa l is presented for all CorpHealth personnel. After recommendations are implemented and agreed on who will benefit from it will be the Staff, client and future clients.

Exaggerated Global Warming Essay

orbiculate warm is worldwidely experienced climatic phenomenon but the question is, is it significantly that serious? world(a) warming has been a major(ip) issue as a take of industrialization as healthful as human progress since the past few decades. The cry to bring globular warming to an end has been carried on by private in addition to international organizations since the initiative was first put forward. Global warming occurs as a result of devastating agentive roles that proscribely affect the climate. There be numerous sources that give details about the causes and effect of ball-shaped warming.Each and e genuinely life sentence organism has been negatively affected by the current orbiculate warming. This paper will evaluate various sources in dictate to demonst enumerate the dangers of world(a) warming. introduction Gupta asserts that global warming is primarily a change over in the climatic conditions of the earth (p, 4). These climatic conditions differ as a result of various reasons both(prenominal) internal and external. Changes to climatic conditions and thus global warming can occur as a result of natural, for example volcanic emissions and solar activity, or artificial circumstances, such as deforestation.The issue concerning global warming in the United States has in the past few years generated heated debates in the political arena. The causation U. S. Vice President, Al Gore, an anti-global warming crusader, through the U. S. National Assessment of Global warm up as pointed out by Harmon, convinced a lot of wad that global warming manifest an evident and current danger to the United States (p, 29). However, Al Gores report was termed as a misrepresentation claiming that it envisioned deliberate scientific deceit for the purpose of political agenda (Johnston para, 7).Many people, according to Johnston, claim that Al Gore failed the movement for climatic change and that his disuse resulted in an irreplaceable harm to the climate (para, 8). All in all Al Gore notes that global warming is an everywherewhelming danger currently face the United States and the world at large. Gore asserts that left uncontrolled, global warming will tremendously affect the future of humankind (Harmon p, 36). Exaggerated Global Warming Global warming occurs as a result of a combination of numerous actors.The solar variation theory, according to DSilva, states that the suns energy has been increasing sidereal day by day over the past sixty or so years (para, 1). This theory states that the sun may now be acting as a major cause of global warming. Studies, as illustrated by DSilva, have revealed that the come up of sunspots in a particular area directly affects the fare of time taken by the nearby earth to cool (para, 1). The sun acts as the main source of energy to the earth. The earth takes in a very large percent of the earths solar flax.As a result of this flax, the earth, land, and oceans atmospheric temperatures extend drastically (Sinha p, 89). Orbital forcing, as Sinha states, is the other factor believed to be a natural cause of global warming (p, 90). The slow tilting of the axis of the earth is also believed to have some negative effects on the climate. This tilting causes the sun to be positioned at different angles than normal, thereby causing it to hit the icebergs. The most significant cause of global warming is the glasshouse effect (Sinha p, 91).greenness house effect is the growth in earths surface temperature as a result of infrared radiation from the atmosphere. Green house effect has led to an in crease in the atmospheric temperature by about 24%. cast up in carbon dioxide is the main factor that results in greenhouse effect (Gupta p, 8). Methane is the other gas that is linked to global warming. The other factor that may lead to global warming is solar variations these are the changes that occur in the quantity of radiant energy emitted by the sun. Rapid industrializatio n is the other factor, in addition to natural causes, that result in an increase in global warming presently.Global warming is believed to have first been experienced about 8,000 years ago with the start of agriculture (Maslin p, 40). Forests were cleared, a factor that increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Industrialization is believed to increase the release of gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, which lead to global warming to the atmosphere. Forests are cleared in order to establish industries. Cutting down of trees results in an increase in the amount of carbon in the atmosphere as trees contain a very lavishly quantity of carbon.Burning of fuel fossils is the other humankind activity that increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and, thus an increase in global warming. everyplace the past two decades the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that results in global warming has increased by about 80% (DSilva para, 5). Although global w arming is believed to cause numerous negative environmental effects, it is hard to link specific conditions to global warming. It is also hard to tell whether the link between the global warming and the tremendous global effects attributed to it are true.The former vice president of the United States, Al Gore, was highly criticized for publishing work that many claimed over exaggerated the effects of global warming for political gains (Harmon p, 41). However, the effects of global warming are dangerous and real. The two major effects of global warming are increase in the atmospheric temperature by approximately 3 to 5 C, and the rise of sea level by about 25 meters (Roleff p, 54). Increase in global temperatures result in a wide range of changes including rise in sea levels as a result of thermal enlargement of the ocean, along with melting of the land ice.The numbers as well as the patterns of climatic phenomenon predictions are changing at a very high rate as a result of global w arming (Maslin p, 45). The total power of hurricanes has increased as a result of global warming this is collect to the increase in their average intensity and duration. Extreme changes in temperature and patterns of prediction increase the frequency, duration, and magnitude of other climatic events such as floods, tornadoes, heat waves as well as draughts (Roleff p, 68). Hurricanes as well as other storms are likely to become more and more intense if the current rate of global warming is not checked (Gupta p, 16).Global warming leads to a drastic reduction in agricultural production. It also leads to glacial retreat, lesser summer road flows, and extinction of certain species. Some species are moving from regions experiencing adverse effects of global warming to cooler regions. This if left unchecked will result in tremendous changes in the ecosystems. Global warming is also believed to cause diseases, which had been eradicated in certain places, to return with severe consequence s (Schneider p, 57). On average, precipitation has increased across the world.Schneider notes that the amount of fresh water drastically reduces with increase in global warming (p, 75). This leaves a lot of people as well as animals which rely on it for drinking water and power production without a source. Scientists predict that heat waves, hot extremes in addition to heavy precipitation will become a common phenomenon (Roleff p, 51). Scientists argue that the sea will become more acidic as a result of taking up more carbon dioxide (Schneider p, 79). Global warming, as asserted by Kriengsak, causes devastating sparing effects to the U.S. as well as the whole world (para, 1). Kriengsak argues that tornadoes and hurricanes in addition to other storms result in bullions of dollars in damage, disease and control of conflicts that may arise (para, 4). Global warming, according to Roleff, is also believed to be the major cause of extreme cold digest that has recently afflicted the east ern and Confederate regions of the United States (p, 87). This is believed to be as a result of movement of cold polar air masses to the southern regions. Global warming is also attributed to heavy snow falls.This is receivable to the fact that higher(prenominal) temperatures results in more evaporation of water in addition to higher humidity content in the atmosphere, and therefore to heavier snows incase the warm, humid air comes across cold air masses moving to the southern regions from the polar regions. The real exaggeration of global warming as a result of man-made related factors must be somehow greater than a factor of two, due to the fact that most of the rise in atmospheric temperature occurred before 1940, but carbon dioxide in addition to other green house gases entered the atmosphere by and by 1940 (Maslin p, 65).This may lead to a conclusion that the effect of green house can only be accountable for only a few proportions of the discover rise in temperature. Exagge ration of global warming for the last few years, as argued by Maslin, is important as it acts as a resource of the forecasts of a devastating global warming in the next century (p, 112). Conclusion It can therefore be concluded that global warming, which is primarily a change in the climatic conditions of the earth, is a real danger to not only the united states, but also to the rest of the world.Private as well as international organizations have been in the forefront in the fight against global warming. The former vice president of the U. S, Al Gore, though was highly criticized, clearly illustrated the effects of global warming to humankind. The two major effects of global warming are increase in the atmospheric temperature by approximately 3 to 5 C, and the rise of sea level by about 25 meters. Global warming has also resulted in an increase in the total power of hurricanes due to the increase in their average intensity and duration. Global warming leads to a drastic reduction i n agricultural production.Global warming causes devastating economic effects to the U. S. as well as the whole world. It also leads to glacial retreat, lesser summer street flows, and extinction of certain species. Work Cited DSilva, Roy. What Causes Global Warming? N. d. viewed on May 4, 2010 from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/what-causes-global-warming. hypertext markup language Gupta, KR. Global Warming, ISBN 8126908815 Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2008 Johnston, Robert. Falsehoods in Gores An Inconvenient Truth, 2006 viewed on May 4, 2010 from http//www. johnstonsarchive. net/environment/gore. html Kriengsak, Global Warming The Economic Risk Factor, n.d. viewed on May 4, 2010 from http//blog. nationmultimedia. com/print. php? id=1693 Maslin, Mark. Global Warming Causes, Effects, and the Future, ISBN0760329656 Voyageur Press, 2007 Roleff, Tamara. Barbour, Scott. and Swisher, Karin. Global warming opposing viewpoints, ISBN 1565105125 Greenhaven Press, 1997 Schneider, Step hen. Global warming are we enter the greenhouse century? ISBN 0718828151 James Clarke & Co. , 1990 Sinha, PC. Global Warming, ISBN 817488954X Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. , 1998 Harmon, Daniel. Al Gore and Global Warming, ISBN 1404217614 The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008

Importance of Personal Responsibility

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary personal means relating to the person or body and office means the quality or state of being responsible such as a moral, legal, or mental accountability. Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy, said that, debt instrument meant that we each(prenominal) have the ability to personally respond response-ability. Perls also referred responsibility to the ability to move, feel, live, and change you. So, to my examineing, personal responsibility is ones ability to care for what has been entrusted to them.It is when an respective(prenominal) accepts the outcome of whatever accomplishments or decisions he/or she makes, instead of blaming other people for what did not turn out right. Personal Responsibility is important to me because it is something that I am supposed to have as a child of the Most senior high God. In this essay, it is my goal to define what personal responsibility is and what it means to me, pardon the relationship betw een personal responsibility and college success, and go an example of how I plan to practice personal responsibility in my education. Personal Responsibility in everyday life.What do you think of when you hear these words? For me it means putting God first in all that I do and trusting Him to living all of His promises to me. Scripture tells us that it we are to accept personal responsibility for ourselves (Galatians. 65) and our own actions (2 Corinthians 510), for widows and orphans, (James 127) for our relatives (1 Timothy 58), and for those in motivating (Deuteronomy 15 7-11). I have learned to accept personal responsibility more so when I am wrong than when I am right. wherefore? Because it teaches me and others how to become mature.When we accept our personal responsibilities, it takes the load off of others. Now, there are some who would argue with me saying that it is not their responsibility to take care the widows, orphans, those in need. All I have to say to those ind ividuals is whose responsibility will it be when you are down and out? Social Security? Unemployment? Department of Health and gentlemans gentleman Resources? Once again I will refer to scripture by saying that we are all helpers of one another (1 Thessalonians 511). When we graduate from High School and attend college,it is our personal responsibility to purchase our books and supplies, show up for class, take notes, study, and make good grades. No one else can do this for us. strangely enough, this is a time when most of learn that we are on our own. Instead of a teacher, we have an instructor. My wife was once told by a college professor that he was an instructor, not a teacher. He was there to give the assignment and grade it. The students were supposed to have already learned most everything forward to that particular college course, therefore it would be their personal responsibility to be on time for class, take notes, and turn in their assignments.In our careers our perso nal responsibilities may come with a little more authority. We become responsible for employers, employees, clients, and/or customers. Making sure that everyone is well taken care of and provided for becomes our number one priority. It does not matter what sphere of function one goes into, we are always going to have to deal with others, putting them before ourselves. Once again I refer to scripture when it negotiation about esteeming others more highly than ourselves (Philippians 23). Failing to accept ones responsibilities here could result in losing their job.The relationship between personal responsibility and college success and closely related. In order to be successful in college, one must be willing to accept responsibility for every action they take and thought they make. College is not easy and therefore will take a lot of hard work, effort, the ability to handle diverse situations, and maturity. I entrust that it should be mandatory for juniors and seniors in high schoo l to take at least one college course before graduation in preparation for college. This would give them a taste of the level of personal responsibility they have ahead of them.It has been my experience that the older or more mature the college student, the more apt he/she is to accept the personal responsibilities that come with college. With all of this being said, it is my plan to practice personal responsibility in my education by helping others who are refreshed to online classes, making sure that my assignments are complete and turned in on time, showing courtesy and respect to my classmates and my teammates, and asking questions when I do not understand something. Some people would not view asking questions as a personal responsibility, only if it is. It is our responsibility to ask for ourselves and for others.If we do not ask and our work is incomplete, we have no one to blame but ourselves. This is what I believe the instructors are here for, to instruct us into the righ t direction with the right information. I hope that the points I have made about the importance of personal responsibility in everyday life, college, and our careers was both interesting and able help others chew the fat things a little different than before. For myself, I have learned even more about the importance of not only taking care of myself but also for those around me. This to me is what personal responsibility is all about.

“Emotion is stronger than reason.”To what extent is this true in Human Science Essay

People will engage lots of decisions in their life, some of the decisions are emotional , and some are intellectual. From my point of view, I telephone emotion and reason are all important, and its depends on a specific situation and specific person to decide if its stronger or not.So my military position is neutral. If a person is very intellectual, most of his decision will be reasonable, but if he is a very emotional person, most of his decision would be emotional. For instance, smoking , which is a very emotional decision , because everyone knows cigarette is bad for our health , but some people still can not release smoking .The reason of this is when they smoke , cigarette will bring them pleasant sensation, and those smokers will hope more cigarette , in their mind , emotion is stronger than reason.However, on the other hand, there also have some people who quit smoking successfully or dont start smoking in the first place. From their perspective, reason is stronger than emotion .Another example, Apple, a very large company in the world, the founder of it is Steve Jobs,who is also a emotional person, because his objective is to make better electronic devices for customs and have more creative ideas to make peoples life better.that might cause company run appear if money , because better quality design will cause more money to produce it .But, Apples shareholders dont think that way, they want to make more money, increase the profit ,lower the input and keep this company running , did not think of if the product is creative, they think more about the forthcoming of Apple , so thats reasonable and intellectual.

A Summary Of Three Main Points You Gained

A manager is designated by an employer to make sure things are to run smooth, and are to eer the visionaries the company hoped they would be. A leader on the other hand, is a visionary that delectations there vision to egest and bring forth the full potential Of their employees, and company. They are strategic thinkers asking oral sexs of what there strength and weakness. They question on how they can use these strengths to improve weaknesses and if possible build upon what they are already close at.Leaders use strategic thinking to formulate and implement their mission, vision, and goals. They in any case build Consensus, meaning they question the status quo. They altercate their own ND others assumptions and encourage divergent points of view. (Strategic Leadership The Essential Skills) Leaders do not rush they take there time to implement their plans at the perfect, precise moment. The ability to execute impeccably helps make there visions successful. Strategic Leadership Th e Essential Skills. (2013, January 1).Retrieved January 22, 201 5, from HTTPS// hub. Org/2013/strategic-leadership-the-essential-skills 2. Your findings and connections that you make (What seems particularly true or logical to you as you read, and why you think so? Does this oblige connect in any ways to wrinkle lecture content and other readings in this course, prior knowledge? ) This article makes complete since. Feel that the article can connect to really anything in our lives work, team sports, volunteering, school, kids, marriage and etc.Being a leader in notes our individualised lives but in our careers is what makes us successful. This also helps us with accountability and improves things even when we may think is good enough. This is how we make ourselves and other to become better in life. This is also how I see our Hoochs. Hoochs have a array of services effectively designed, aligned, integrated and continuously improved (page, 71 ) They are a strategic foundation that sets decisions on its mission, vision, and values.This meaning that it has to continuously strategically thinking of ways to make care provided to patients better. Hoochs also have to have a way of consensus this is how goals are met by everyone to a common ground to be successful. Implantation of plans for Hoochs must also like a leader be executed at the prudish times. If plans are not executed at the proper time they can cause a incommode or imbalance which could effect the over all goals of the HOC. White, K. , & Griffith, J. (2010). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization.

Issues with Juveniles

Juveniles can break the jurisprudence just like larges can. The difference is in the way they argon treated after the fact, from the constabulary fundamental interaction to the type of punishment they will ultimately receive. In around cases getting to the child before fell behavior begins may stop a life of horror before it begins. In this paper I will be going over the importance of child development, crime control, interrogation and Miranda warnings, crime prevention, deterrence, and punishment.Children that contract up in homes where the p atomic number 18nts are non around or do not care slightly them are more(prenominal) presumable to become caught up in a life of crime than the kids that contain a loving family. Children that fix parents that are criminals themselves will probably become criminals as sanitary. According to hotshot researcher, 63 percent of boys with convicted fathers themselves had criminal convictions, compared to 30 percent among those who d id not constitute convicted fathers. (Worrall, 2008, p. 259) If a child does not have a positive role model to follow, they will follow the negative one.This is also legitimate if the father is not in the home or part of their lives or if their parents are in to do drugss. inadequacy of parental surveillance, improper abuse, rejection, neglect, conflict amongst the parents and many other problems can also lead to behavioral issues in children. Domestic violence in the home, single family households and families with large amounts of people are also more likely to produce children that have behavioral issues as they develop. Lack of management or negative attention is firm on a child and it has been proven to lead them to a life of delinquency.There are many steps that families can take to work on crime control before it becomes a problem. The first is parent training and education. Just as on that point are good drivers and bad drivers, there are good parents and bad parent s. (Worrall, 2008, p. 261) Parenting does not come overnight. It takes date and practice and information. Sometimes the harm to children is through with(p) accidentally and knowing this, the government has started programs such as the Strengthening Families Program.The SFP was founded in 1983 and is for parents who are also drug abusers and teaches them appropriate parenting skills. Parenting classes can be done in and out of the home and appear in several(prenominal) forms. One such form is during pregnancy when a nurse practitioner comes to the home and gives the expectant arrive information on her pregnancy and on things to expect when the child is born. Head Start programs are provided to sad African-American families so that their children are given over extra help with educational needs.Research has shown that these and other programs have been successful in pooh-poohing the rate of delinquency in youngs. The chance of child abuse is lower in families that have gone th rough treatment than those who have not. Mothers are bettering their lives through the programs as well so the rate of arrest is lower in the mothers and their children than those left untreated. Once a jejune has police contact, the interaction is very different than it would be if it were an expectant.There are several rights that a teenage has to comfort them. The first right is the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution states The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) Juveniles have the equivalent rights to privacy that adults do. If the police pauperism to search a insipid or their home or vehicle they must provide a search warrant u n little the juvenile waived their rights, consented to the search, or got caught in the criminal act they were committing. Interrogation of a juvenile, confessions, and Miranda Warnings go hand in hand. Juveniles, as well as adults, are to be read their Miranda rights at the time of arrest.These Miranda Warnings give the juvenile six rights including the right to remain silent, the right to an attorney, an attorney provided if they are unable to open one, whatever the juvenile says to the police is fair game to be used later in court, if a juvenile starts talking they may stop at any time, and whatever the juvenile says to persons other than the juvenile ships officer or court personnel may be used against the juvenile if they are tried and true as an adult.The juvenile officer is responsible for providing the juvenile with these rights and must protect the interest of the youth. A juvenile officers role in the interrogation process is the protection of the juveniles rights by i nitial explanation and subsequently by stopping the interrogation if it is so requested by the juvenile. amour by the juvenile officer in the interrogation of a juvenile renders the confession and evidence find as a result thereof inadmissible sic in a subsequent adult prosecution. (McCarver, 2006) alone questioning of the juvenile must be done by equity enforcement. The admissibility of a juveniles statement taken in the presence of the juvenile officer is determined from the totality of the circumstances on a case-by-case basis. The court will evaluate the juveniles age, experience, education, back ground, intelligence and whether the juvenile has the capacity to understand the warnings given to him, the nature of his Fifth Amendment rights and the consequences of waiving those rights. (McCarver, 2006)If a juvenile is tried as an adult they must have been made aware before his confession that it is possible that he may be tried as an adult and anything that any statements he m akes can be used against him. Any officer that questions a juvenile must specifically state that he or she may be cognizant to be tried as an adult. In the absence of an attorney, the confession of a juvenile which results from a protective interrogation may not be used against the juvenile unless oth the juvenile and his parent, guardian or adult friend were informed of the juveniles rights to an attorney and to remain silent, and the juvenile must be given an opportunity to consult with his parents, guardian, adult friend or attorney as to whether he wishes to waive those rights. (McCarver, 2006) intimidation or prevention is very important in salveing juveniles out of trouble. In my opinion, one of the most effective preventative measures for preventing juvenile crime is community-based programs.These programs, such as, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, Bully Prevention Program, and available Family Therapy allow youths to be part of the community in a positive way. An e ighteen-month evaluation found that compared with a control group waiting for a match, youths in the mentoring program were 46 percent less likely to start using drugs, 27 percent less likely to start drinking, and 32 percent less likely to hit or assault someone. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) In single parent homes where the parent works it is hard to keep tabs on your child at all times.Getting them into a program will keep the youths occupied and out of trouble in a perfect world. With the statistics listed community-based programs are effective and do a good job of reducing juvenile crime. There are many, many programs like these I listed. The problems that purloin are a lack of funding and volunteers. It is important for the communities to sponsor and volunteer for these programs or they really cannot plain about children running the streets, learning negative behaviors, and committing crimes. Another effective preventative measure is programs like the clams Area Projects. The projects have three basic goals Frist, they provide a forum for local residents to become inform with new scientific perspectives on child rearing, child welfare, and juvenile delinquency. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) Second, they open up lines of communication between the community and the institutional representatives of the larger community, the ones that help influence the local youth.Third, they allow local adults to come in to contact with local youths, especially those having difficulties with the law. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) This and programs like this one have the local communities take accountability or the youths before they are sent to the juvenile justice system. The adults in the community can express on behalf of youths in court and they organize programs to keep the youth out of trouble. If a child is put off in a positive way, they are less likely to act out in a negative way. When punishment is needed, probation is usually the answer. Probation is the desig n one sentence in the juvenile court. About 400,000 youths are placed on formal probation each year, which amounts to more than 60 percent of all juvenile dispositions. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) This number has increased greatly since 1993. Probation is a judicial disposition under which youthful offenders are subject to indisputable conditions imposed by the juvenile court and are permitted to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) Juvenile probation focuses on programs for the offending youth in order to keep them out of jail. A probation officer is assigned and will work with the juvenile to help meet the conditions of their probation. Some think that the bearing of juvenile probation is to give the child a back up chance. This is not necessarily correct.The main focus of juvenile probation is provide programs and services so that the youth will learn to stay out of trouble with the law in the future. There are sever al reasons why probation is the most desirable alternative to jail time. Juveniles are able to remain free of incarceration but society has protection from further law breaking. It promotes the refilling of offenders because they can maintain normal community contacts by living at home, attending school, and participating in community activities. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) It also costs less and allows the juvenile to avoid the negative impact of confinement.While treated differently than adults in most cases, juveniles still break the law and encounter the justice system. Juveniles are afforded the same rights as adults but are handled in a way that usually allows them to have a second chance and become a productive member of society. While stopping a life of crime before it begins is the more favorable approach, it is not always a possibility. In this paper I have discussed child development, crime control, interrogation and Miranda warnings, crime prevention, deterrence, and pu nishment.

Indian Agriculture Essay

Indian territory had reached the stage of floriculture and maturity much before the now advanced countries of the world embarked upon the path of progress. in that location was a proper balance between land and industry and both flourished hand in hand. This pip continued till the middle of the 18th century. The interference from the alien British govt. destroyed the balance and the parsimony of the country was badly shattered. so Indian cultivation in the pre-in attendence achievement can be correctly described as a subsistence occupation.It was only after the advent of visualizening ( to a greater extent than precisely the advent of the thou conversion in 1966) that the workers started adopting agribusiness on a commercial basis. THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN Indian ECONOMY 1. Shargon in case income at the time of the First World War, factory farm contri hardlyed cardinal-thirds of the national income. After the initiation of planning in India, the shargon of farmi ng has persistently declined due to the development of the second-string and the tertiary sectors. At 1999-2000 prices, the share of agriculture in GDP at factor cost was 27. try reveal to a greater extentnon farm activities3% in 1999-2000 and 21. 7% in 2005-2006. 2. Largest function providing sector in 1951, 69. 5% of the working population was engaged in agriculture. This percentageage send away to 66. 9% in 1991 and to 56. 7% in 2001. 3. Provision of fodder for thought surplus to the expanding population the 9th Five Year Plan set a target of change magnitude the food grains turnout from a level of 199. 4 one one trillion one one cardinal trillion million million million million tonnes in 1996-97 to three hundred million tonnes by 2007-08 to meet the uptake requirement of Indias estimated population of more than a billion.4. contri simplyion to capital formation since agriculture happens to be the largest industry in India, it can play an grievous manipula tion in carry oning up the prescribe of capital formation. The policies advocated are a) Transfer of crunch and capital from farm to non-farm activities. b) Taxation of agriculture in such a way that the burden on agriculture is greater than the g everyplacenmental services provided to agriculture. c) Turning the terms of trade against agriculture b imposing price controls on artless products, taxation or the use of multiple change rates that discriminate against agriculture.5. Providing raw materials to industries agriculture provides raw materials to various industries of national importance, like, sugar industry, jute industry, cotton textile industry, and so on 6. Market for industrial products since more than two-thirds of the population of India lives in rude sports stadiums, profitd country purchasing berth is a valuable stimulus to industrial development. 7. Importance in international trade for a number of age, cotton textiles, jute and tea accounted for more than 50% of export earnings of the country.With economic progress and consequent diversification of merchandise base, the share of rural goods in total exports has consistently f all(prenominal)en. It fell from 44. 2% in 1960-61to 10. 2% in 2005-06. A ontogenesis surplus of outlandish produce is needed in the country to i) Increase supply of food and artless raw materials at non-inflationary prices. ii) Widen the domestic foodstuff for industrial goods through increased purchasing power within the rural sector. iii) Facilitate inter-sectoral transfers of capital needed for industrial development (including infrastructure) iv) Increase foreign exchange earnings through agricultural exports.THE NATURE OF INDIAS AGRICULTURE At the time of independence, Indias agriculture was in a state of reverseness. Productivity per hectare and per worker was extremely low. The techniques employed were age-old and traditional. Because of low productivity, agriculture merely provided subsiste nce to the farmers and had not become commercialized. Approximately 45% of the total consumption of the farmers came from their own production in 1951-52. This highlights the low importance of money in the colonization economy. These reveal that Indian agriculture was backward and qualitatively traditional in nature on the eve of the First Five Year Plan. few of the causes responsible for the above state of affairs are listed below 1. Feudal relations of production at the time of independence, three types of land tenure systems existed in the country-zamindari, mahalwari and ryotwari. Approximately 57% theater of operations of the country was under(a) the zamindar system, ryotwari came second with 38% and mahalwari was restricted to only 5%. 2. Usurious capital and rural indebtedness. 3. Labor market dualism because of the excessive pressure of population on land, wages in the agricultural sector tend to be considerably lower as compared to the modern (industrial) sector.This lea ds to a labor market dualism. Low wages in the agricultural sector lead to low per-capita income and this, in turn, extends in low labor productivity. 4. Outmoded terra firma techniques. 5. Fluctuations and instability in crop output even now, approximately 60% of gross cropped area continues to depend on rainfall. Therefore nature continues to play a major fictitious character in determining the role of agricultural production. 6. Diversities in the agricultural sector and the problem of generalization antithetic regions exhibit entirely different characteristics so that no one plan can be conceived for all agricultural regions of the country.CROPPING PATTERN IN INDIA By crop pattern, we mean the balance wheel of area of different crops at a testify of time, changes in this distribution over a period of time and factors determining this change in distribution. Cropping pattern in India is determined generally natural factors like rainfall, climate and soil conditions. Howeve r, technological conditions contribute likewise play an important part. Some significant facts about the cropping pattern in India are summarized below 1. Food crops including cereals, millets, pulses, vegetables and fruits go after nearly three- quaternionths of total cropped area.Of the total area under food grains, a large proportion is occupied by cereals. Of the total area of 121. 9 million hectares under food grains in2005-2006, the share of cereals was 99. 5 million hectares (i. e. , 81. 6%) 2. Rice is the close to(prenominal) important food grain crop in India. 2005-0 6 it was grown on 43. 5 million hectares, which amounted to 34. 7% of total area under food grains. This delegates that rice is grown on more than one-third of the total area under food grains. 3. The second important crop in India is stubble. In 2005-06 wheat was grown on 26. 6million hectares, which comes to 21.8% of the area under food grains. 4. The combined area under jowar, bajra and maize decline d in percentage from 28. 6% in 1950-51 to 21. 4% in 2005-06. 5. Area under oilseeds was 10. 7 million hectares in 1950-51 and 19millio hectares in 1985-86. To achieve self-sufficiency in victual oils, the govt. launched a no. of platforms in mid-eighties. As a result of these programs, area under oilseeds increased rapidly to 26. 2 million hectares in 1998-99. In 2005-06, area under oilseeds rose to 27. 7 million hectares. 6. In commercial crops, the area under sugarcane increased from 1. 8 million hectares in 1950-51 to 4.2 million hectares in 2005-06. The area under jute increased from 0. 6 million hectares in 1950-51 to 0. 8 million hectares in 2005-06. Area under cotton rose from5. 9 million hectares in 1950-51 to 8. 9 in 2005-06. TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY Agricultural production has two percentages- food grains and non food grains. In the great power no. of agricultural production, the system of weightss assigned to food grains and non food grain s are62. 9 and 37. 1 respectively. The most important component in the food grains category is rice (weight 29. 7), followed by wheat (weight 14. 5).In non food grains category, oilseeds constitute the most important group (weight 12. 6). Sugarcane carries a weight of 8. 1 while cotton carries a weight of 4. 4. As far as food grains output is concerned, the total production increased from 50. 8 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 187. 0 million tonnes in the eighth plan, and gain ground to 202. 9 million tonnes in the ninth plan. However, because of draught conditions in the first year of the tenth plan, 2002-03, the food grains output declined to 174. 8 million tones but again rose to 213. 2 million tonnes in 2003-04. However in 2004-05, it fell to 198.4 million tonnes and stood at 208. 3 million tonnes in 2005-06. In the non food grains group, jute and cotton show slow and spirited progress in both the periods. However, the production of oilseeds rose considerably in the latter half of the 1980s and certain years of the 1990s. It increased from 12. 7 million tonnes in 1987-88 to 27. 7 million tonnes in 2005-06. end product of cotton rose from 8. 4 million bales in the seventh plan to 19. 6 million bales in 2005-06. Sugarcane registered a more or less steady offset during the entire period 1950-51 to 2002-03, but its production fell sharply in 2003-04 and 2004-05.However, in 2005-06, it bounced back to touch 278. 4 million tonnes. everypl angiotensin converting enzyme the period 1950-51 to 2005-06, yield per hectare of all food grains has increased by more than three times from 552 kgs per hectare in 1950-51 to 1,708 kgs per hectare in 2005-06. Most significant increase has been recorded by wheat with its yield increasing from 655 kgs per hectare in 1950-51 to 2,607 kgs per hectare in 2005-06. While the productivity of maize has increased significantly during recent years, the productivity of jowar and bajra has increased relatively slowly.Productivity of puls es was only 585 kgs per hectare in 2005-06 which was only slightly higher than the productivity in 1960-61. A proportion of productivity levels of Indian agriculture with the levels in otherwise countries shows how low the productivity in Indian agriculture is. India happens to be one of the largest growers and producers of most of the agricultural crops, but sites very low in terms of yield. For instance, it has the largest area under rice and wheat in the world and the second largest producer of these crops. However, in terms of productivity, its rank is only 52nd in the world in rice and 38th in wheat.Not only is productivity in Indian agriculture lower than that in other countries, it is much lower than the potential. The causes of low productivity in Indian agriculture can be divided in the following three categories I. superior general causes. 1. Social environment it is said that the Indian farmer is illiterate, superstitious, conservative and unresponsive to new and mode rn agricultural techniques. The social environment of the villages is often stated to be an obstacle in agricultural development. 2. Pressure of population on land this is partly responsible for the sub-division and the fragmentation of the land holdings.Productivity on slim and wasteful holdings is low. 3. Land degradation almost 43% of land suffers from high degradation resulting in 33-67% yield going while 5% is so damaged that it is rendered unusable. II. Institutional causes. 1. Land tenure system in this land tenure system, it is difficult to increase productivity through technological progress. Land reforms should precede technical changes. 2. overlook of credit and marketing facilities Indian farmers continue to produce the same output even at more attractive prices.On account of lack o marketing facilities or non-availability of loans on fair vex rates, the cultivators are not able to invest the requisite resources in agriculture. This keeps the level of productivity l ow. 3. Uneconomic holdings most of the holdings are not extremely small theyre also fragmented into a no. of comminuted plots so that cultivation can be carried on them only by labor intensive ways. This results in low productivity. III. Technical causes. 1. Outmoded agricultural techniques most of the Indian farmers still use outmoded techniques.wooden ploughs and bullocks are still used by majority farmers. Use of fertilizers and HYV seeds are very limited. Indian agriculture is traditional. 2. Inadequate irrigational facilities almost 60% of the gross cropped area depends on rains. Rainfall is often insufficient, uncertain & irregular. thence productivity is low in areas depending wholly on rainfall. Even in areas having irrigational facilities, potential is not fully utilized because of defective management. Also with the ever rising cost of irrigation, small farmers cant arouse use of the irrigational facilities.Following are some of the measures to increase productivity 1. Implementation of land reforms even though the land reforms have been introduced in India in the post-independence period, the results from it are pretty unsatisfactory. Therefore special efforts have to be do by the demesne to implement those reforms forcefully. Unless this is done, the tiller wont have any inducing to invest in land and adopt new agricultural techniques. Thus, land reforms are the foremost necessity. 2. structured management of land & water resources almost half of countrys soil is degraded.Theres a huge loss due to water-logging, salinization and human induced water erosion. This proves the urgency of the integrated & efficient management of our land and water resources. 3. Improved seeds this play an important role in increasing productivity. E. g. - HYV of wheat in Punjab, Haryana & U. P. therefore the farmers should be educated in the methods of sowing, manuring and irrigating the new HYV seeds. 4. Fertilizers improved variety of seeds requires heavy dos es of fertilizers. Indian farmers use only a tenth of the required amount. Use of fertilizers in ample quantities can push up the productivity.5. Irrigation use of improved seeds & fertilizers require proper irrigational facilities. It can also make multiple cropping possible in many areas & thus increase the productivity. 6. Plant security measures most of the countryside farmers are unaware of the medicines and insecticides to face up the challenge posed by diseases & insects. The govt. should maintain its own technical staff to carry out the scatter of pesticides & insecticides at nominal rates. 7. Farm mechanization it is generally maintained through farm mechanization, agricultural production can be increased.It results in increase in productivity of land & labor, reduction in costs, preservation of time & increase in economic surplus. 8. Provision of credit & market facilities use of improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigational facilities, pesticides, machinery, etcetera re quires substantial money resources which small farmers dont possess. Thus it is necessary to strengthen the credit-cooperative sector. The commercial hopes should be encouraged to lend more to small farmers. Cooperative marketing societies should be promoted to ensure better prices to small farmers. THE GREEN REVOLUTIONA team of experts sponsored by the Ford Foundation was invited by the Government of India in the latter half of the second Five Year Plan to suggest ways and means to increase agricultural production and productivity. This necessity arose out of the need to increase agricultural production in the ace of continuing stagnation of production on one hand, and rapidly increasing demand on the other. On the basis of the recommendations of this team, the govt. introduced an intensive development program in seven districts selected from seven states in 1960 and this program was named intense Area Development Program (IADP).A district selected under IADP was required to poss ess qualities such as assured water supply, minimum hazards (like floods, drainage problems, acute soil conservation problem, etc), well developed village macrocosms and maximum potentialities for increasing agricultural production within a short span of time. The seven districts selected were westward Godavari in Andhra Pradesh, Shahabad in Bihar, Raipur in Madhya Pradesh, Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu, Ludhiana in Punjab, Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh and Pali in Rajasthanthe first four were selected for rice, the next two for wheat and the last one for millets.This program was later hunted to remaining states also by selecting one district from each state for intensive development. In October 1965, the net was widened and 114 districts were selected for intensive development and the program labeled as Intensive Agricultural Areas Program (IAAP). The period of mid-1960s was very significant from the point of view of agriculture. New high-yielding varieties of wheat were developed in Mexic o by Prof. Norman Borlaug and his associates and adopted by a number of countries.These high yielding variety of seeds required proper irrigation facilities and extensive use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. This new agricultural strategy was put into practice for the first time in India in the kharif season of 1966 and was termed High-Yielding Varieties Program (HYVP). This program was introduced in the form of a packaged program since it depended crucially on regular and adequate irrigation, fertilizers, high-yielding varieties of seeds, pesticides and insecticides. initially it was implemented in a total area of 1. 89 million hectares. In 1998-99, total area under HYVP was 78.4 million hectares. This was 62. 6% of the total area under food grains (data for later years are not available). IMPACT OF GREEN REVOLUTION Throughout the period of the green revolution, population was increasing at a rate of over 2% p. a, constantly pressing on the margin of cultivation of trad itional agriculture. I. concerns on agricultural production As a result of new agricultural strategy, food grains output increased substantially from 81. 0 million tonnes in the third Plan to 208. 3 million tonnes in 2005-06. HYVP was restricted to only five crops-wheat, rice, jowar, bajra and maize.Therefore, non-food grains were excluded from the ambit of the new strategy. The production of wheat increased from 11. 1 million tonnes in the third plan to 69. 5 million tonnes in 2005-06. The overall contribution of wheat increased from 13% in 1950-51 to 33. 4% in 2005-06. Thus, wheat has remained the mainstay of the green revolution over the years. The average annual production of rice rose from 35. 1million tonnes in the third plan to 91. 0 million tonnes in 2005-06. The production of course cereals-jowar, bajra and maize-continues to remain static or has moved very slowly upwards.As far as pulses are concerned, their production was 11. 7 million tonnes in second plan, which rose t o 13. 1 million tonnes in 2005-06. But even this is less than the requirement of pulses in India estimated at 17 million tonnes. The bulk of vegetable oil production in India is derived from nine cultivated oilseeds, namely, groundnut, mustard, sesame, safflower, nigerseed, soyabean, sunflower-forming the edible group-and linseed and castorseed forming the unpalatable group. The total production of oilseeds averaged 8. 3 million tonnes in the fourth plan and 11.4 million tonnes in the sixth plan. To achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils, the govt. launched a series of measures towards the end of the sixth plan and the seventh plan. As a result of these, the average annual production of oilseeds rose from 11. 4 million tonnes in the sixth plan to 24. 7 million tonnes in 1998-99. This is also termed as the yellow revolution. II. Economic impacts of the green revolution i. Crop areas under HYV seeds needed more water, fertilizers, pesticides and certain other chemicals. This spurred the egression of the local manufacturing sector.Such industrial proceeds created new jobs and contributed to the countrys GDP. ii. The increase in irrigation created a need for new dams to harness monsoon water. The water stored was used to create hydro-electric power. This in turn boosted industrial growth and improved the quality of life of the villagers. iii. India paid back all the loans it had taken from the World situate and all its affiliates for the purpose of green revolution. This improved Indias credit worthiness in the eyes of the lending agencies. III. Impact on labor absorption The adoption of new technology has subvertd labor absorption in agriculture.In a large number of states, especially in those regions where there was abundant availability of labor, the growth of output was too slow to generate adequate employment opportunities. In high growth rate regions, labor was not plentiful and wage rate was high. The sudden rise in demand for labor in these areas ind uced mechanization and labor pitch practices in general. Also, the HYVP is basically a land saving technology. By increasing the yield per acre, the new technology makes it possible to increase food production out of a given amount of land. This tends to increase the demand for labor.On the other hand, mechanized processes tend to reduce the demand for labor. In addition, the very dynamic possibility of increasing yields may itself encourage mechanization and in turn decreases the employment of labor. In recent years, a significant development in the pattern of rural labor absorption has been a shift away from crop production and into rural non-farm activities like agro-processing industries and other rural industries. IV. Political impacts of the green revolution India transformed itself from a starving nation to an exporter of food.This earned bewilderment for India in the committee of nations, especially in the third world. The green revolution was one factor that made Mrs. Ind ira Gandhi (1917-1984) and her party, the Indian National Congress, very powerful political force in India. BOX HIMACHAL PRADESH TOPS AGAIN IN IMPLEMENTATION OF 20 POINT PROGRAMMNE 17th July 2009 Himachal Pradesh has done it once again. Yes, it has maintained the first position in the instruction execution of Twenty-Point Programme amongst all the States in the Country by attaining 92 percent achievement up to February during the financial year 2008-09, the last but one month of the financial year.This achievement is two percent more than the Gujarat, four percent Uttrakhand and five percent Andhra Pradesh the four top States that had been ranked in the implementation of this programme. The main thrust of the Twenty Point Programme is poverty alleviation, employment generation housing, education, family welfare & health, protection of environment and other schemes having a bearing on the quality of life, especially in rural areas. down the stairs Employment Generation Programme, 8 , 17,364 job cards have been issued in the State during the period thereby generating employment of 1. 54 crore man days by well-favored wages worth Rs. 171 crore . to a lower place Individual Swaranjayanti constant of gravitation Swarojgar Yojna percent achievement of the State had been 517 as 8619 individual swarojgars have been assisted against a target of 1886 opinionated for the year. Karnataka follows Himachal Pradesh in it whose percent achievements are 470. This speaks about tremendous performance of the State. Under Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna the achievement of the State is 318 percent. As many as 3486 individual ST Swarojgaries and 5612 individual women swarojgaries have been assisted from April, 2008 to February 2009 under this scheme. AGRICULTURAL pay AND MARKETING Agriculture is an unorganized profession. Its success and failure depends, o a large extent, on climatical factors. Further, its not always possible to distinguish between productive and unproduct ive loans of the farmers. Because of these factors, banks did not show much interest in advancing loans to agriculture and allied activities for a long time and farmers were pressure to depend on money-lenders and mahajans. NEED FOR AGRICULTURAL FINANCE Credit needs of the farmers can be examined from two different angles i) On the basis of time Agricultural credit needs of the farmers can be further classified into three categories- a. Short term loans are required for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, feeds and fodder of livestock, etc. the period of such loans is less than 15 months. Main agencies of granting of short term loans are the moneylenders and co-operative societies. b. Medium term loans are generally obtained for the purchase of cattle, small agricultural implements repair and construction of wells, etc. the period of such loans extend from 15 months to 5 years.These loans are generally provided by moneylenders, relative of farmers, co-operative societie s and commercial banks. c. Long term loans are required for effecting permanent improvements on land repayment of old wells, etc. The period of such loans extends beyond 5 years. Such loans are normally taken from Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks (PCARDBs). ii) On the basis of purpose Agricultural needs of the farmers can be further classified into the following categories a. Under productive needs we can include all credit requirements which directly affect agricultural productivity.b. Farmers often require loans for consumption as well. Most of the farmers do not have sufficient income to sustain themselves. Therefore they have to take loans for meeting their consumption needs. Institutional credit agencies do not provide loans for consumption purposes. Accordingly, farmers are forced to fall back upon moneylenders. c. In addition to consumption, farmers also require loans for a multiplicity of other unproductive purposes. Since conceptional agencie s do not grant credit for such unproductive purposes, farmers have to seek assistance from moneylenders and mahajans.SOURCES OF AGRICULTURAL FINANCE AND THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE Sources of agricultural finance can be divided into two categories 1. Non-institutional sources 2. Institutional sources The non-institutional sources are the following- * Moneylenders * Relatives * Traders * Commission agents * Landlords The institutional sources comprise the Co-operatives, Scheduled Commercial Banks and regional Rural Banks (RRBs). As far as co-operatives are concerned, the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACSs) provide mainly short and fair term goals and PCARDBs long term loans to agriculture.The Commercial Banks, including RRBs provide both short and medium term loans for agriculture and allied activities. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is the apex institution at the national level for agricultural credit and provides refinance assistance tot e h agencies mentioned above. The Reserve Bank of India, as the central bank of the country, plays a crucial role in this sphere by giving overall direction to rural credit and financial support to NABARD for its operations.The first institution established and promoted was the institution of co-operative credit societies. By the end of 1976, there emerged three separate institutions for providing rural credit, which is often described, as the multi-agency approach. In 1982, NABARD was set up. India now has a wide network of rural finance institutions (RFIs).There are more than 30,000 commercial bank branches, 14,000 regional rural banks and about 1,00,000 rural credit co-operatives. As a result of the efforts undertaken by the govt., the share of non-institutional sources in rural credit, which was as high as 92. 7% in 1951, fell to 38. 9% in 2002. The share of moneylenders fell from 71. 6% in 1951 to 26. 8% in 2002. The share of institutional sources in rural credit rose correspondi ngly from 7. 3% in 1951 to 61. 1% in 2002. depicted object BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (NABARD) The most important development in the field of rural credit has been the setting up of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in July 1982.It took over from Reserve Bank of India all the functions that the layer performed in the field of rural credit. NABARD is now the apex bank for rural credit. And therefore, it doesnt deal directly with farmers and other rural people. It grants assistance to them through the co-operative banks, commercial banks, RRBs, etc. NABARDs credit to State Co-operative banks, State Governments and RRBs outstanding in 2004-05 was Rs. 8,577 crore which rose to Rs. 12,763 crore in 2005-06.