tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57210614686904856462024-02-08T07:25:46.927-08:00Cheap assignment writing service USAUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger216125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-77334530120666425072020-09-03T02:24:00.001-07:002020-09-03T02:24:11.085-07:00Cato the Elder and Julius Caesar Essay -- Roman HistoryThe Roman Republic's most significant men are Cato the Elder and Julius Caesar. Each man increased unimaginable control over the best country of the world for now is the right time. Our present reality keeps on feeling the effects of Caesar, who built up the cutting edge schedule framework (Suet. Caesar, 40). The two men changed Rome and added to its rich and nobel history. Antiquated biographers, Plutarch and Suetonius, give wise looks into to the lives of Cato and Caesar, and what framed them into history creators. Through cautious examination of Cato and Caesar's accounts, it becomes evident that they had comparative abilities and qualities that vaulted them to the highest point of Roman culture. Nonetheless, they were strikingly extraordinary by they way they utilized their aptitudes and experienced their lives. In spite of the fact that the lives of Cato and Caesar are comparative in numerous regards, the life stories of Plutarch and Suetonius uncover that character and family f oundation are the primary driver for their disparities. Shared characteristics among Cato and Caesar have large amounts of Suetonius and Plutarch's accounts. The most clear comparability is physical appearance and capacity. Cato followed a calm method of living and prepared hard to accomplish ââ¬Å" an intense constitution and a body which was as solid as it was healthyâ⬠(P1). In fight Cato was a ââ¬Å"formidable contender, who persevered undauntedly and stood up to his adversaries with a savage articulation ââ¬Å" (P1). Caesar was additionally solid in body and fight. He was ââ¬Å"tall reasonable and well built,â⬠and he was ââ¬Å"a most capable fighter and horseman, and demonstrated astounding forces of enduranceâ⬠(s45,57). The colossal number of triumphs left by Caesar are declaration to his ability as general and contender. Comparability in quality is just a single piece of dom... ...ter, Julia, similar to a game piece and wedded her to pompey to frame a coalition. Caesar's character has obviously appeared through in these instances of marriage and posterity. Then again, Cato sees his posterity and marriage in a very different light.. Because of his feeling of difficult work and care for family, Cato accepts firmly that on the off chance that he invests energy into his child's instruction he will be remunerated with a child to be pleased with. This ends up being genuine in light of the fact that Cato gets a letter from his child's administrator, where his child is lauded ââ¬Å"in the most elevated terms for his gallantryâ⬠(plu. 20). Additionally, Cato just had each spouse in turn, and just remarried after his first wife passed on (plu. 24). Contrasted with Caesar, Cato's ethical nature is unmistakably radiating through. Character and character qualities unmistakably show the how contrast emerge inside the setting of marriage and posterity. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-87119309192907396242020-08-22T17:50:00.001-07:002020-08-22T17:50:32.680-07:00Unit 48 P3P3â⬠Produce an Action plan for self-improvement and accomplishment of own objectives Short-term objectives Goals| How I will accomplish these objectives? | How long I think this will take to accomplish? | Pass AS Level PE. | Do a lot of update and get the course work turned in before the finish of term. | fourteen days (course work)3 months (exam)| Pass AS Level Sociology. | Do correction and become familiar with the key sociologists for every theme. | 3 months (exams)| Pass the 3 units of BTEC Level 3 Health and Social consideration. | Create a timetable and make cutoff times for myself to get my work. | 3-4 months (coursework)| Pass my driving test. Get my coursework completed and set aside cash to pay for exercises. | 4 months â⬠1 year (hypothesis and driving test)4 months (temporary permit) | Get low maintenance work. | Apply online for employments and take a gander at work opening sheets in shopping regions. | Waiting for a reaction. | Long-term objectives Goals| How I w ill accomplish this? | How long I think this will take to accomplish? | Pass AS and A2. | Do a great deal of reading and correction for tests. | 1 year and 3 months (tests and course work)| Get into college. | Concentrate on coursework during AS and A2 and apply for various colleges. 2 years (contingent upon my evaluations at A-Level)| Get a degree in sport science. | Go to addresses and complete work on schedule. | 3-4 years (to finish Sixth frame and go to university)| Get a better than average paid employment after college. | Graduate from college and go after positions, for example, PE instructor, Handball trainer. | 4-5 years (to finish Sixth structure, college and 1 year of work understanding) | Have a decent house. | Save up a lot of cash and purchase or lease a house or level. | 10 years (to finish Sixth structure, college, 1 year of work understanding and find a new line of work in instructing/coaching)| Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-29587329814201252412020-08-21T15:32:00.001-07:002020-08-21T15:32:12.767-07:00Internal Factor Evaluation Essay Example for FreeInterior Factor Evaluation Essay Interior elements of a school or college incorporate workforce, understudies, staff, graduated class, athletic program, physical plant, grounds and upkeep, understudy lodging, organization, scholastic projects, crews, sororities, and advertising. The entirety of all weighted score is equivalent to the all out weighted score, last estimation of all out weighted score ought to be between run 1.0 (low) to 4.0 (high). The normal weighted score for IFE lattice is 2.5 any organization all out weighted score fall beneath 2.5 consider as frail. The organization complete weighted score higher than 2. 5 is consider as solid position. What's more, from the table above Philippine Womenââ¬â¢s University Sta. Cruz, Laguna Campus has a slight solid interior position and there are numerous regions need to improve further. Techniques After we assess our college, we feel that there are a few things that the college ought to do like day by day checking of air-cons, lights, flushes of toilets, and so forth. They should manufacture facility if there should arise an occurrence of crisis, they ought to likewise fabricate container, employ a HR, and have a leader of every school. They ought to likewise remember the various or additional expenses for education cost. What's more, thereââ¬â¢s one thing that is significant for us senior, we surmise that they should take a few activities in helping them on discovering OJT. What's more, keep up their quality or much better to improve it more. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-53870735387859308302020-06-07T07:38:00.001-07:002020-06-07T07:38:01.860-07:00About Whistle Blowing Client Because His Of Unethical Behaviors - 16500 WordsAbout Whistle Blowing Client Because His Of Unethical Behaviors (Essay Sample) Content: WAYS TO FOLLOW IN WHISTLEBLOWINGNameInstitution AffiliationIntroductionWhat are the steps used in blowing the whistle for suspected unethical behavior?Sometimes client may start queer behaviours or some misconduct behaviours in the job and then employers are forced to whistleblow him or her so that to mentain the status of the organization and even to be able to control other employees who may also be affected by their colleague unethical behaviours in the working premises.Before whisleblower,blowing the whistle for a clients uneathical behavoirs you have to follow the fllowing steps.Write down everything, note down misconducts performed by the client having unethical behavours, and the person you inted to whistleblow from your organization. This is done in order to have a formal argument with evidences when having a conversation with the client. This buids confidence to whislebrower since the person will not deny, that it did not happen like that. Those un ethical beahvour are noted down in a notebook with dates and allegations he has committed to keep the evidences.Set time to talk with the inteded person,when you discover that that an employee engaging in unethical behavior ,as a manager or the leader take the time and to talk to him or her .i.e. Invite the client in your office or any other private place . be open and honest and explain to him what you have observed or overhead . basic point being to start a converstion and keenly listening to what he or she has to say on the allegation he as committed. Listen to the both sides before making any conclusions or judgements to avoid misundersterding and unnecessary conflotation. This talk gaves the employee time to express him or herself before the judgement is done. And then explain to him the job descrptions on terms, condations and reponsibilties he she has violated.explanation of functions and roles makes you to be able to solve the issue clearly .Initiate a performance improvement plan, this articulates the problem areas which should be ironed to avoid whisleblowing of a client. After whislebrower meeting and giving a belive warning to the client on his unethical misconducts, this gaves client time to improve his performance. Performance improvement plan gives also a detailed details on parts the person is advised to correct .Sometimes improvement plan may even involve verbal counselling or rehabitation process so as to create positive changes from unethical behavours .Conduction of written councelling ,if the person doesnot change after verbal councelling and he or she contineus with his unethical behaviors you can gave him written councelling on the immediate improvement he should make on his miscondct behavours. This written document should be signed or licenced by the organizatio of the whisleblower to ensure that the warning was given earlier before the whisleblowing and termination of the agreements ,Followups and conclusi ons, this is the final warning whereby the whisleblower or the management makes final follow ups on the suspected unethical behavours and if the person has failed to change the behavours the management files up the final report which is used to whistleblow the client becouse of his unethical behavours, this are conclided and signed and the earlier documents are attached to act as the evidence incase the client tries to file a case .Informing the outhority about the whisleblowing,this is the last step carried by the whisleblowers, whereby a licenced ... Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-6727639801446021902020-05-17T07:31:00.001-07:002020-05-17T07:31:12.129-07:00Swot Analysis Of Pnc Financial Services Group - 1406 Words Running Head: PNC PNC Financial Services Group Constituent/Stakeholder Report Kennedy Brennan September 28, 2017 Introduction PNC Bank is a well-known financial service group. In 1982 Pittsburgh National Corporation and Provident National Corporation merged to form PNC. At the time, it was the biggest bank merger and created $10.3billion in assets. Since then, PNC has continued to thrive. With all of this history, PNC has specific knowledge of the banking industry. Each different group requires targeted communication and the right message. PNC dates back to 1845. Their main facility is in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They have branches in 19 different states along with Washington D.C (Corporate Overview, 2017). PNC works withâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The public of government is focused on financial assistance. As businesses grow even larger, PNC is an industry leader and banker to many Fortune 500 companies. They can handle day to day needs and loans, but PNC can give confidence in management and international banking. Additionally, they can help larger corporations wit h growth and direction for their business. Publics that PNC should try to reach for teenagers as a new public. They would be a good public to reach for because of the fact that more and more teenagers are getting jobs younger, so they start banking earlier. Company Documentation PNC Financial Service Group states that they offer a variety of services from individuals, small businesses, corporations, and government. They have services from simple to complicate. The individuals covers kids, adults, and people working towards retirement. Small businesses covers most companies. Even further, as families grow and people age, they start looking to their existing bank relationships to start planning their future ââ¬â and their families. The website Adweek.com referenced a PNC television advertisement entitled ââ¬Å"know you are saving for a special momentâ⬠. It showed a Father dreaming of his daughterââ¬â¢s fairy tale wedding. PNC knew the connection of wanting to handle the everyday needs and the long term finance needs that families have. PNC stressed that they could give this man confidence to reach theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Bank of America Case Analysis1705 Words à |à 7 PagesBank of America ââ¬â Case Analysis Prepared By Kesha S Mitchell April 30, 2013 AMBA 650-1134 Marketing Management and Innovation Professor Philemon Oyewole In 2007, Bank of America (BofA) Corporation launched the largest secure mobile banking service in the United States and has over four million mobile banking customers. 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This book is printed on acid free Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-83646305104839827172020-05-06T19:00:00.001-07:002020-05-06T19:00:29.995-07:00Features Needed to Make a Comedy Film - 785 Words For hundreds of years Hollywood has been making countless of different genre movies. One main genre that is very popular is comedy; these films have been entertaining audiences for decades with over-the-top scenes, characters and funny moments. This essay will focus on what features are needed to make a comedy movie by concentrating on the pro-filmic codes, filmic or technical codes, character types and networks, social themes and narrative patterns and stock scenes that go into creating these films. Comedy is a genre of film that uses humour as a driving force. Even though the comedy business may take on some serious material they most likely end with a happy ending. Comedy films have the tendency to become a mixed sub-genre because humour can be incorporated into many other genres. The different types of sub-genres are slapstick, romantic comedy, screwball comedy, teen comedy, family comedy and black comedy. Slapstick is the recourse to humour involving exaggerated physical activity which exceeds the boundaries of common sense. Slapstick comedy is a primarily physical kind of comedy based around pratfalls and mild comic violence. For example, smacks in the head, pokes in the eyes, people falling down, etc. It is probably most widely recognized in the comedy of The Three Stooges, The Pink Panther and for a more contemporary example MTVs Jackass. Romantic comedy films are light, humorous, and playful. The central plot is on romantic ideals such as that true love and isShow MoreRelatedMel Brooks Essay1542 Words à |à 7 Pagescalling.[1] He went to school in New York. For elementary, he went to Public School 19 (Williamsburg). For middle school, he went to Francis Scott Key, Jr. High (Williamsburg). Brooks graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School (New York).[citation needed] In June 1944, Brooks enlisted in the Army.[2] He had basic training at Virginia Military Institute and finished up at Fort Sill in Oklahoma. He was shipped off to war in February of 1945 where he initially served as forward observer for the artilleryRead MoreHunt For The Wilderpeople Builds On Waititi s Drama Essay1557 Words à |à 7 PagesHunt for the Wilderpeople builds on Waititi s drama/comedy combination and further cements his auteur status. Wilderpeople is about an orphan boy who moves from one foster family to another, generally being a delinquent. This causes him to earn the title of a real bad egg.â⬠The majority of the film takes place as Ricky Baker is on the run through the vast forest. While structurally different from Boy, both films deal with coming-of-age, parents, and loneliness. Wilderpeople is explicitly dividedRead More Motion Picture History Essay950 Words à |à 4 PagesBefore World War I, films were being made mostly European countries and in Japan. Whe n the war interrupted European filmmaking, however, the American film industry began to dominate the world market. In the years between 1917 and 1927 the silent film reached the peak of its development. United States had the largest film industry and American films dominated the international market. Germany and Japan still had some movie industries but mostly left to domestic. Many nations found film production as aRead MoreMotion Picture History968 Words à |à 4 PagesBefore World War I, films were being made mostly European countries and in Japan. When the war interrupted European filmmaking, however, the American film industry began to dominate the world market. In the years between 1917 and 1927 the silent film reached the peak of its development. United States had the largest film industry and American films dominated the international market. Germany and Japan still had some movie industries but mostly left to domestic. Many nations found film production as aRead MoreRelationship Between Masculinity And Femininity1177 Words à |à 5 PagesNOVEMBER 14, 2014 SHEââ¬â¢S THE (WO)MAN Sheââ¬â¢s the Man (2006) is a film about Viola Hastings, a girl whose passion is to simply play soccer. When her womenââ¬â¢s team gets terminated due to lack of players, the discriminatory menââ¬â¢s soccer coach states, ââ¬Å"It isn t me talking, itââ¬â¢s scientific fact: girls can t beat boys. It s as simple as that.â⬠Infuriated, Viola decides to impersonate her twin brother at another school in order to make the team and play soccer. She does this in order to prove that ââ¬Å"sheââ¬â¢sRead MoreDon t Laugh At Me, Laugh With Me ! Supported By The Wounded Veterans998 Words à |à 4 Pagesfrom a pleasant or positive state of being. 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It is the only other thing he cares for because its needsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Battle Algiers 1212 Words à |à 5 PagesThe four films that we have watched are all centered around the theme that Africa has more than just a ââ¬Å"single storyâ⬠. Africa is full of diverse people from all kinds of backgrounds. While the Battle of Algiers, Sembene!, Welcome to Nollywood, and Timbuktu have shown many different stories, they have just barely scratched the surface of the millions of ââ¬Å"single storiesâ⬠that can be found in Africa. The Battle Algiers tells the story of the French and the Algerian National Liberation Front duringRead MoreAnalysis Of The Sound Designer I Decided Upon1358 Words à |à 6 Pagesexperienced talent that has co-founded many post-production companies and designed for many award-winning films. As a supervising sound editor , he is well known for working with Oliver Stone, John Hughes and Quentin Tarantino, prominent directors in the film industry. I will focus on his editing approach and his extensive work with Quentin Tarantino. Which consist of various acclaimed films such as the Kill Bill trilogy, Inglorious Basterds, and Django Unchained. Currently, Wylie Statemanââ¬â¢s careerRead More Film and video production Essay1618 Words à |à 7 Pages Film and Video Production: Becoming the Future of the Silver Screen Every so often a movie is released with such tense anticipation and glamorous visual art that the public is drawn to this dramatic rendition of life in the theatre. For even just two hours or so, you are put into a different lifestyle. Action, drama or comedy it may be. We are thrust into a different way of thinking. We are forced to learn the characters thoughts and feelings. The hard work and artistic skill that goes Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-66287689828733380442020-05-06T00:26:00.001-07:002020-05-06T00:26:04.210-07:00Henry VIII Essay Research Paper subject free essay sample Henry VIII Essay, Research Paper capable = History rubric = Henry VIII documents = On June 28, 1941 Henry the VIII of England was born. This immature adult male will organize his ain church. He will win to the throne in 1509. He will besides get married six adult females! Something good will go on when he is king, he will unify England and Wales and will besides make some bad things like put to deathing people who would non follow his regulations. In 1539, the Act of Domination declared Henry to be the caput of the Church of England. King Henry the VIII of England had a good side and a bad side. Though popular with the people of England and besides really talented he had many bad times and many good times for himself. Henry was non merely selfish but, besides fine-looking and had a hearty personality, he was besides a talented bookman, linguist, composer, and a instrumentalist. He was talented at many athleticss and was besides good with the ladies. Henry was the 2nd boy and the 3rd kid of his male parent. Henry the VIII died in 1509, the lone ground Henry would become male monarch is because of his brothers, Arthur, decease in April of 1502. Soon after that, Henry would get married his first married woman, his brother ( Arthur # 8217 ; s ) widow, Catherine of Aragon. Many married woman would follow after her. During most of his early reign, Henry relied on Thomas Cardinal Wosley to make much of the political and spiritual activities. Henry shortly got tired of his matrimony with Catherine of Aragon, so he decides that he doesn # 8217 ; T privation to be married to her anymore, so he tells Thomas Wosley to speak to the Catholic Pope so he can disassociate Catherine. But, Cardinal Wosley wasn # 8217 ; t able to convince the Catholic Pope, so in 1529 Henry took Wosley # 8217 ; s authorization off from him. Henry so appointed Sir Thomas More. Henry so got that divorce through Thomas Cramner, that he wanted with Catherine of Aragon and so married Anne Boleyn. Cramner now the Arch Bishop of Canterbury, made Henry # 8217 ; s matrimony with Catherine nothingness and his matrimony with Anne valid. This made the Pope ferocious. So in 1534, King Henry had the parliament base on balls a jurisprudence stating that the male monarch, non the Catholic Pope, would from now on be the supreme caput of the Church of England. Since Henry was now in charge of the Church, he was traveling to do some alterations. He had all the Bibles translated into English. He so had all the people take an curse for this jurisprudence. But Sir Thomas More and, so Cardinal, John Fisher wouldn # 8217 ; t accept the spiritual domination of the English sovereign, so they were so executed. These alterations bit by bit led to the formation of the Church of England. In 1536, Henry accused his 2nd married woman, Anne Boleyn of criminal conversation, so Henry so executed her. A few yearss after that, he married a immature adult female by the name of Jane Seymour. Jane Seymour, Henry # 8217 ; s 3rd married woman, was the female parent of Henry # 8217 ; s merely legitimate boy, Jane Seymour died after bearing this certain kid. Edward the VI was Henry # 8217 ; s merely legitimate boy. A twosome of old ages after Jane Seymour had died, Henry decided to get married one time once more. He married a German princess by the name of Anne of Clea degree Fahrenheits. In 1540, Henry was told that Anne of Cleaves was a beautiful and pretty immature adult female. So so, when Henry eventually saw her he thought she was truly ugly. So he so divorced Anne of Cleaves and so beheaded Thomas Cromwell for holding tricked him. Bing unloyal to God every bit much as Henry perchance could, he made the determination to get married his 5th married woman by the name of Catherine Howard. Catherine Howard was so summarily executed in 1542 for being unchaste prior to marriage with Henry the VIII and for perpetrating criminal conversation. Henry had merely one more married woman to travel, in 1543 Henry married his 6th and concluding married woman, Catherine Parr. Catherine so survived Henry and so lived on to get married 4th hubby. In 1536, during Henry the VIII # 8217 ; s reign, England and Wales were eventually united as one state. During the 1280 # 8217 ; s, after Edward the I had conquered Cymrus, the Welsh people had revolted several times against the English people, due to Edward # 8217 ; s conquer. But, the Welsh people eventually accepted the thought of integrity with the English people. In the Acts of the Apostless of 1536 and 1543, Henry joined both Wales and England under one system of authorities. When Ireland was made a state or land in 1541, King Henry so became the male monarch of Ireland. Henry now the male monarch, had many wars with Scotland and France, during 1542 King Henry # 8217 ; s military personnels defeated the Scots at Solway Moss. In 1544, Henry # 8217 ; s military personnels besides captured Boulogne-sun-Mer from the Gallic, and so a peace pact was made when Henry received an insurance from France in 1546. Henry # 8217 ; s wars with Scotland remained indecisive inspite of some little triumphs. Though he opposed the Reformation, his really ain creative activity of a national church started the existent beginning of the English Reformation. On January 28 1547, Henry the VIII of England died in the metropolis of London. Henry was buried in Saint Georges Chapel in the celebrated Windsor Castle. During the reign of Edward the VI, Henry the VIII # 8217 ; s merely legitimate boy, the parliament passed many more church reforms. But, so in 1553, Edward # 8217 ; s half sister, Mary, the girl of Catherine of Aragon was a Roman Catholic, she reestablished Catholicism as the province faith. Even though Henry altered the Church, he did non even wish to introduce Protestant philosophy. Those people who refused to accept the Church of England and its instructions were executed. The lone of import spiritual alterations made during his reign were the licensing of an English interlingual rendition of the Bible, the issue of Cramner # 8217 ; s litany and the interlingual rendition of English of certain parts of the traditional service. In decision, Henry the VIII of England was non merely a gifted chap and a rich one at that. But, he was besides unpatriotic to God and made many errors at that. Making the Church of England was likely his greatest accomplishment as the King of England. Coercing people to follow a certain faith and make what he told them to make was one of his lowest accomplishments. Henry the VIII was non merely selfish, affluent adult male but a atrocious swayer and a large evildoer. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-64241294221880395002020-04-20T07:28:00.001-07:002020-04-20T07:28:02.272-07:00Israel Has Many Coastal Plains, Several Mountains, And Hills. The Coas Israel has many coastal plains, several mountains, and hills. The Coastal plains run parallel to the Mediterranean Sea and is made up of beaches, bordered by fertile land. In the north, there are sandy beaches and sandstone cliffs that drop to the sea. The coastal plain is home to over half of Israel's population. The coastal plains also house most of Israel's industry. Several mountain ranges run through Israel. In the northeast, are the Golan Heights, which were formed by volcanic eruptions. The hills of Galilee, made of limestone, reach to heights ranging from 1,600 to 4,000 feet above sea level. Small streams and little rainfall keep the area fertile. People, who live in Galilee and the Golan, work in agriculture, tourism-related jobs, and industry. The rolling hills of Samaria and Judea present rocky hilltops and fertile valleys dotted with age-old olive groves. The hillsides, first developed by farmers in ancient times, blend into the natural landscape. The population is mainly found in small urban areas and large villages. Continuing south, the region becomes an area of bare peaks, craters and plateaus, where the climate is drier and the mountains are higher. The northern areas of Israel are extremely fertile, while the southern part is semi-arid. Agriculture, fishing, light industry and tourism make up the area's main sources of income. The Jordan River, flows north to south with a 186 mile route. It then empties into the Dead Sea. The river is usually narrow and shallow. The Arava, Israel's savannah region, begins south of the Dead Sea and extends to the Gulf of Eilat, Israel's outlet to the Red Sea. The average annual rainfall is less than one inch and summer temperatures soar to 104 F. The Dead Sea, the lowest point on earth at about 1,300 feet below sea level, lies at the southern end of the Jordan Valley. Its waters have the highest level of salinity in the world. The Dead Sea is rich in potasium, magnesium and bromine, as well as table salts. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-78038089078666830622020-03-15T13:06:00.001-07:002020-03-15T13:06:03.178-07:00Of Mice and Men and Macbeth Conflict Essay ExampleOf Mice and Men and Macbeth Conflict Essay Example Of Mice and Men and Macbeth Conflict Paper Of Mice and Men and Macbeth Conflict Paper Essay Topic: Of Mice and Men Texts that deal with the theme of conflict make us think. Conflict is the centre of all dramatic development in the three texts I will be discussing. These are Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, and O Brother Where Art Thouââ¬â¢, directed by Joel Coen. There are many forms of conflict expressed in these texts. These include both emotional and physical conflict. Conflict has been brought about in many ways throughout these texts. Most of which has been fuelled by inner discord. However a personââ¬â¢s inner conflict can often lead to violent activity. This demonstrates that both forms of conflict are indeed affiliated. OMAM tells the story of a sharp witted man and his simple friend who find work in Californiaââ¬â¢s Salinas Valley. They are driven by a shared dream, that one day they will own their own property and ââ¬Å"live off the fatta the lanâ⬠. George serves as Lennieââ¬â¢s protector, as Lennie is mentally retarded. ââ¬Å"Heââ¬â¢s awright, just aint brightâ⬠Lennieââ¬â¢s fetish for soft things and his ignorant behaviour, often lands them both in trouble. Many of the characters in OMAM admit to suffering from profound loneliness and lost dreams. This is perhaps most effectively delivered through George. At the end of the novel Lennie accidentally kills the wife of the boss son while trying to comfort her. Although Lennie is afraid George will be angry and flees. The ranch hands rightly guess the culprit and they set out to find and kill him. As George realizes what Lennie has done, the painful mission that he must undertake becomes clear to him, a mission that will cause him great grief and inner conflict. George knows that the murder of this girl could not be left unaddressed. Even if turning Lennie over to the police was a realistic option, being separated from George would have destabilized Lennie to a point that could have resulted in even greater tragedy. This internal conflict ripped George up inside, debating the right thing to do. It was more humane to end his life quickly, and George knew that if he truly loved Lennie, he would see to it that his death would be quick and merciful, in contrast to the fate that he would receive at the hands of the ranch hands. The end of the novel (also Lennie death) is set in the same place which it began. The repetition of the setting binds the story together. Lennie associates this place with safety. ââ¬Å"Hide in the bush till i come for you. â⬠The major irony of the novel is that George kills Lennie because he loves him. The irony is furthered as the pistol George steals to kill Lennie was earlier used to kill an old dog, in order to save it from suffering and misery. When the dog is killed, the ranch hands show compassion for the ownerââ¬â¢s loss, but when George experiences a similar plight, and perhaps a worse one, the ranch hands are unable to comprehend his loss and feel no sympathy. However a greatly respected ranch hand named Slim is the only one who notices the irony of the shooting and comforts George by telling him ââ¬Å"you hadda I swear you haddaâ⬠. The old dog and Lennie are also symbols that represent the fate of anyone that has outlived his or her purpose. Even though it causes him much inner turmoil, George kills Lennie to save him from a society that misunderstands him. Georges dream is an important symbol in the book, as it represents the possibility of freedom and protection from the cruelties and expectations of the world. After Lennies death, George is lost and lonely, heartbroken at the loss of his friend. By killing Lennie, George not only sacrifices his only form of companionship but also his state of mind. George also knows that the death of Lennie marks the end of a beautiful dream he had been nurturing and is forced to accept that such untarnished happiness is not to be found in this world. Georgeââ¬â¢s inner conflict is rivalled only by Lennieââ¬â¢s. Due to his mental condition Lennie develops a complete dependence of George. Lennie experiences frequent internal conflict as he struggles with his retardation. Lennie is forever trying to prove to George that he can behave and that he wonââ¬â¢t do bad things. After he kills the woman Lennie is fearful that George will abandon him. This is also the reason he accidentally kills the woman, because he is afraid that George will hear her screams. In this scene Steinbeck presents an excellent example of inner conflict leading to physical conflict. When the woman begins to scream in fear, Lennie begins to encounter internal conflict, because he is afraid that George will overhear her and be angry with him. Lennie wants to ignore this at all costs, because he so desperately wants the respect of George. Despite Lennieââ¬â¢s tender and innocent nature Lennie begins to get frustrated and panics. He attempts to soothe her into stopping with words, ââ¬Å"oh please donââ¬â¢t do that, Georgeââ¬â¢ll be mad ââ¬Å"but his efforts are futile and he resorts to stopping her the only way he knows how. Lennie underestimates his own strength as he shakes her and breaks her neck. After Lennieââ¬â¢s struggle is over, Steinbeck captures the stillness and suddenness of her death with the words ââ¬Å"and then she was still or Lennie had broken her neck. â⬠Lennie has always been fearful of this woman because he knew she was a temptation. After their first meeting he tells George that ââ¬Å"donââ¬â¢t like this place ââ¬â I wunna get outa here. Lennie foresees his downfall. After the womanââ¬â¢s death Steinbeck stretches out the moment. â⬠a moment ââ¬â remained for much more than a moment. â⬠This technique effectively expresses quite and still aftermath of the conflict. As a result of her death, Steinbeck speaks of her now innocent appearance, in contrast to the promiscuous character before her death. Steinbeck seems to subtly imply that the only way for a woman to overcome that nature and restore her lost innocence is through death. Despite Lennieââ¬â¢s unforgivable act, Lennie remains the naive and innocent character he has always been, however this event leaves Lennie in a state of upmost confusion and fear and signifies the height of Lennieââ¬â¢s mental frustration and conflict. Macbeth is set in Scotland in the eleventh century. It tells the story of a brave nobleman named Macbeth, encouraged by the prophecies of the supernatural and a persuasive wife, murders the king of Scotland to seize the throne. After becoming king, Macbeth becomes a tyrant and begins to butcher all potential threats to his throne. Macbeth is eventually brought to justice for his crimes by a nobleman named Macduff, and the throne is restored to Malcolm, the son of the original king. The most extreme form of conflict in the text revolves around Macbeth himself. Macbeth experiences much inner conflict during the course of the play. At the beginning of the play, the witches prophesised that Macbeth would be king. Macbeth told his wife, Lady Macbeth of these prophecies and her own ambition was born. As a once loyal soldier ââ¬Å"for brave Macbeth ââ¬â well he deserves that nameâ⬠Macbeth is torn between his loyalty to Duncan and his ambition to fulfil the prophecies. His ambition spurs him to strive for power and on the other his conscious resists the urge. Pressured by Lady Macbeth, Macbeth agrees to proceed in the murdering of the King. This is also personal and moral conflict because Macbeth knows that the king is his cousin and that it would be wrong to cause him harm. Soon after, Macbeth regrets his promise to his wife and tells her that ââ¬Å"We shall proceed no longer in this business. â⬠She becomes angry and threatens his manhood ââ¬Å"are you a man? â⬠Macbeth admits defeat and continues with the deed. Ultimately he decides to abandon his morals so that his wife may not perceive him as a coward. Shakespeare makes good use of light and dark imagery to express the wrong and right desires of Macbeth. It is also implied that darkness is necessary, in order for the murdering of Duncan to take place. This also shows that Macbeth needs the help of evil or dark forces to be immoral enough to commit these crimes that he wouldnââ¬â¢t be able to if heaven were to ââ¬Å"peep through the blanket of the dark. â⬠The social expectations of being a man induce Macbeth to commit these crimes. These are of course enforced by his wife. She suspects this will be his weak spot as she too is undoubtedly aware of the cultural expectations of the time. After Macbeth does the deed, his guilt consumes him for some time, but he manages to beat it eventually. He is left a corrupt and deranged man. Upon hearing further prophecies from the witches Macbeth comes to believe that he is invincible and confirms the readerââ¬â¢s suspicions that Macbeth has indeed been driven into madness, when he states that ââ¬Å"blood will have bloodâ⬠. He is not afraid to kill again. Lady Macbeth plays a significant role in the birth of Macbethââ¬â¢s ambition and therefore his downfall. Ironically this is also her own downfall, as her feelings of guilt from doing this consume her. This guilt causes her much inner conflict. Lady Macbeth used her power over Macbeth to influence and spark his ambition. Although Lady Macbeth claims to initially doubt Macbeth, she is the one who feels the need to call upon spirits to aid her to do these deeds. ââ¬Å"Come you spirits ââ¬â Unsex me here ââ¬â stop up the access and passage to remorse. â⬠She is aware of her weakness, and despite her plea for assistance, her conflict gets the better of her ââ¬Å"Out damned spot! Out I say! â⬠says Lady Macbeth as she instinctively tries to wash the blood free from her hands. Lady Macbeth is eventually driven into complete madness ââ¬Å"her eyes are open ââ¬â but their sense is shutâ⬠She can never get the blood of King Duncan of her hands. Shakespeare uses hyperbole to emphasise lady Macbeths suffering. ââ¬Å"All the perfumes of Arabia could not sweeten this little hand. â⬠Shakespeare places great influence on her guilt and madness by speaking of it as if it is an incurable disease. There is also another reference to light and dark in this scene. Lady Macbeth previously called upon darkness to surround her. However, now that Lady Macbeth feels remorse she feels the need to stay in the light for fear that the dark might consume her with her guilt. This scene makes the audience feel pity towards Lady Macbeth, as she has admitted herself to remorse but it is too late. Lady Macbethââ¬â¢s power over Macbeth is very different to the power that George, from Of Mice and Men, has over Lennie. Lady Macbeth uses her power in a negative way, to control Macbeth for her own bidding, whereas George selflessly uses his power over Lennie to protect and guide him from misfortune. Lady Macbeth is introduced as strong and ambitious, but by the end of the play she is reduced to suicide, due to her feverish guilt. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-46294469559354543692020-02-28T03:32:00.001-08:002020-02-28T03:32:02.565-08:00International Marketing and Business Operations Essay - 1International Marketing and Business Operations - Essay Example The GDP of Hong Kong was recorded at $369.4 billion and it showed a 5 year compound annual growth of 2.5%. The picture above shows some of the factors which have contributed to making Hong Kong number 1 in the world in the economic freedom index (The Heritage Foundation, 2014). It has fiscal freedom, regulatory efficiency, market openness and rule of law, making it the perfect place for direct investment. This is also evident by looking at the FDI inflow into Hong Kong which stands at a staggering $74.6 billion (The Heritage Foundation, 2014). The growth in the tourism industry of Hong Kong has led to an increase in the numbers of mainland tourists visiting Hong Kong. The stable job market has also increased local positive spending with the retail industry increasing by 11% in current value terms in 2012 (Colliers International, 2013). In 2012, there was an increase in the number of international brands opening their stores in Hong Kong, an act which is a testament to the confidence in the market. There has been an increase in the number of retail outlets in Hong Kong which has attracted even more shoppers from mainland China. The total value of retail sales growth was recorded at an 8.5% YoY growth in November (Colliers International, 2013). Inbound visitors support the retail sector and the figures from the Hong Kong tourism board shows that Hong Kong received a total of 13.5 million inbound visitors during 2013 (Euromonitor International, 2013). This influx of tourists means that there are a lot more potential shoppers in the market than the existing population figures show. The market is ideal for retailing as tourists shoppers are likely to shop and indulge in positive local spending. Another aspect worth noting is the fact that retail rents of shops in key shopping districts and expected to decline by 5% over the next year (Euromonitor Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-37954347395327085742020-02-11T20:16:00.001-08:002020-02-11T20:16:02.284-08:00Proposal of Anti-discrimination of Mexican Americans in the South Research PaperProposal of Anti-discrimination of Mexican Americans in the South - Research Paper Example The United States has witnessed the movement of many ethnic and racial groups from Latin America and South America. These groups are often identified as Latinos, Hispanics and Mexicans in popular jargon though their racial and ethnic linkages may not always be with these particular groups. Perhaps the greatest influx of these racial and ethnic groups has been in the South of the United States where hundreds of thousands of people cross the border each year in search of better job opportunities and living standards. The most notable of these movements of Latinos and Hispanics originates from Mexico which is just south of the United States border. A large proportion of these immigrants are Mexicans while there are large swathes of naturalized Mexicans already present inside the United States. The Mexican ethnic groups have long been subject to racial discrimination in one form or the other such as the popular association of mafia and drug culture with the Mexicans (E-RACE, 2011). Howev er such sentiments are not always grounded in fact and the Mexicans have played a large part in the development of the United States economy. The racial discrimination faced by the Mexicans has brought direct costs for the federal as well as state governments. This study will focus on the costs of discrimination against Mexicans in South Carolina and the actions and policies that could be implemented in order to deal with these problems through affirmative action and other means. 2. Defining Mexicans As mentioned before the term Latino, Hispanic and Mexican tends to over assume the racial and ethnic identities of the subject groups. The living habits and social behavior as well as the overall outlook for these groups are similar so it is natural to find discrimination across the board for all of these groups. However for the purposes of this study the particular segment in focus will be Mexicans who reside in South Carolina. These Mexicans could either be immigrants who have come ac ross the border recently, workers who work for some time in the United States and then relocate to Mexico as well as Mexicans who are permanently settled in the United States and are naturalized. 3. Economic Profile of Mexicans in South Carolina A study conducted for Mexicans available in South Carolina (Lacy, 2007) demonstrated that most Mexican immigrants were employed in four economic sectors that are: Construction; Restaurants; Manufacturing; Services. Some smaller proportions of Mexicans are also employed in poultry processing and landscaping as well. The study showed that only 0.02 percent of the included respondents were reported as unemployed. However around 11% of the surveyed women (who were home makers) said that they considered taking up another job to augment the total family income. The communication barrier because of lingual differences (Spanish versus English) seemed to play a major role for these women being unable to find jobs. Around 54% of the women surveyed wer e employed and out of these some 56% worked either in restaurants or as domestic help (such as house cleaning, elderly and child care). The income levels of the respondents varied widely. People employed in the construction industry reported incomes of $ 1,350 per month on average but these figures varied depending on weather conditions as well as other factors. The people employed in restaurants reported higher earnings of around $ 1,450 per month on average while those in the manufacturing sectors reported incomes Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-83691354413015880592020-01-31T12:28:00.001-08:002020-01-31T12:28:03.934-08:00Mohammed Morsi Essay Example for Free Mohammed Morsi Essay The Muslim Brotherhoods Mohammed Morsi has become Egypts first freely elected president after a delayed announcement of the results of last weekends runoff. He beat former Prime Minister Ahmed Shafiq by more than almost 900,000 votes. Morsi secured 51.7% of the vote, compared to 48% for Shafiq. Mohammed Morsi heads the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), the Muslim Brotherhoodââ¬â¢s political arm. Mubarak appointed Shafik as prime minister in response to the protests against his regime. Shafik resigned a little more than a month later amid protests decrying him as a holdover from a discredited, ousted regime. Supports the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF): ââ¬Å"SCAF is serious about power handover and is seeking to achieve the goals of the revolution. SCAF stands at an equal distance from all political and religious powers.â⬠Parliamentary elections: the Muslim Brotherhoods Freedom and Justice party seems set to emerge as the biggest winner, with some analysts estimating it will capture about 40% of seats in the new legislature. Al-Nour, a more conservative Salafist party, looks likely to secure second place. The Muslim Brotherhood (known in Arabic as al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen) is Egypts oldest and largest Islamist organization. As the most organized opposition group following the ouster of former President Hosni Mubarak in 2011, the Brotherhood became the countrys dominant political force, winning a near majority of seats in the post-revolution parliament, and its candidate, Mohammed Morsi, winning the presidency. Some Egyptians are concerned over the groups aim to establish a state ruled by sharia, or Islamic law, and ambiguity over its respect for human rights. Such concerns intensified after Morsi announced new sweeping powers for the presidency in late 2012 and a draft of theproposed constitution was published. The domestic political challenges also provide a difficult road for U.S.-Egypt relations, especially with regards to foreign aid. The Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), the political party of the Muslim Brotherhood, could not have come into being without the 25 January revolution. Up to that time, the Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Egyptââ¬â¢s most powerful Islamist organization, was not only denied the right to form parties, but also barred ââ¬â at least legally ââ¬â from political life. As a result, the group had to pay a heavy price in detentions and repression to practice politics under the rule of former President Hosni Mubarak. The group had been trying to get a foothold in the countryââ¬â¢s political arena for decades but was met with entrenched opposition by the Mubarak regime, which tended to accommodate the Brotherhood, but only within strict limits. Now, after the 25 January uprising, the groupââ¬â¢s political ambitions have resurged on an unprecedented scale. Officially founded in May 2011, the FJP says that it is committed to a modern state, democracy, womenââ¬â¢s rights, and national unity. The FJPââ¬â¢s initial membership of nearly nine thousand included one thousand women and one hundred Copts. New members are subject to a probationary period of six months after which, and based on their performance record, they become eligible for permanent membership. The FJPââ¬âalong with the Salafist Al-Nourââ¬âis among a very few Egyptian political parties that issue probationary membership Formed alliance with name of Democratic Alliance (Freedom and Justice) Al-Nour Party Established in the wake of the 25 January uprising, Al-Nour (ââ¬Å"The Lightâ⬠) Party is the largest of Egyptââ¬â¢s three licensed Salafist parties (the other two being Al-Asala and Al-Fadila Parties). It was established by Al-Daââ¬Ëwa Al-Salafiyya (ââ¬Å"The Salafist Callâ⬠), Egyptââ¬â¢s largest Salafist group, commonly known as Al-Daawa Movement. Al-Daawa started in Alexandria where it now enjoys a considerable following. Al-Nour Party was officially licensed in June 2011. Official registration is of paramount importance in Egypt at the present time, as the current election law limits the right to contest two-thirds of the seats of the upcoming parliament to a limited number of officially registered parties, including Al-Nour. Under the rule of former President Hosni Mubarak, the state generally did not allow for the formation of Islamist parties, but after the revolution many Islamist groups managedà to obtain official political party license. The Islamist Bloc is an electoral coalition formed by three Islamist political parties with the aim to integrate their efforts in the upcoming parliamentary elections. The Islamist Bloc is comprised of the Salafist Al-Nour and Al-Asala Parties, as well as the Building and Development Party, the latter of which was founded by the Islamic Group (Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya). Wafad party: Wafd Party is one of Egyptââ¬â¢s oldest liberal parties and is expected to play a significant role in the upcoming elections. With deposed President Hosni Mubarakââ¬â¢s ruling party officially disbanded, Wafd has emerged as an influential player in the political arena. The party commands the largest network that any political party in Egypt possesses today, covering major cities in twenty-four out of twenty-six Egyptian governorates. With a distinguished group of top Egyptian businessmen on its membership list, Al-Wafd stands out as one of the few established parties that do not face the same financial constraints that have historically challenged many of the countryââ¬â¢s political parties. The party also enjoys a very strong presence in the media, thanks to its famous daily newspaper, its Internet portal, and a professional, well-equipped media department. Additionally, Wafdââ¬â¢s current leader Al-Sayed Al-Badawi is owner of Al-Hayat, one of Egyptââ¬â¢s top five television channels. Such are luxuries that very few Egyptian parties possess. Wafdââ¬â¢s history dates back to the beginning of party life under the monarchy, making it the oldest among existing Egyptian political parties. The name of the party is Arabic for ââ¬Å"The Delegation,â⬠and it references Saad Zaghloulââ¬â¢s attempt in 1919 to lead a popular delegation to the post-World War I Paris Peace Conference to demand independence for Egypt against the will of British occupation authorities. Threatened by the immense popular support that Zaghloul was able to garner for his mission, British authorities exiled the Egyptian nationalist leader along with members of the prospective delegation to Malta. This move instigated a mass uprising, which led to the 1919 Revolution. The Egyptian Bloc: The Egyptian Bloc consists of the Free Egyptians Party, the Egyptian Social Democratic Party and Al-Tagammu Party. The Bloc is often portrayed as a ââ¬Å"secular-leaningâ⬠alliance that seeks to counterbalance the influence of the Muslim Brotherhoodin the upcoming elections, specifically the Brotherhood led Democratic Allianceââ¬â¢s electoral coalition. Members of the Bloc announced in early November that their partnership is not simply a short-term electoral coalition, but encompasses a long-term political alliance aimed at turning Egypt into a civil democratic state. Magdi Abdelhad:iMiddle East analyst The Islamists rise to power in Egypt will send shockwaves through the courts and palaces of conservative Arab kings and presidents who have tried for decades to put the lid on political Islam. But foremost among Egypts neighbours who watched the brotherhoods success with increasing alarm is Israel. Cairo was the first Arab state to sign a peace treaty with Israel and the brotherhood has traditionally been vehemently opposed to that. But its opposition has softened over the years at least publicly. It is widely believed that the Muslim Brotherhood have reassured Washington that an Islamist government in Egypt would respect the peace deal with Israel. Given also that the ruling military council will continue to have the final say on matters of war and peace, it is unlikely that the brotherhood can put that peace at risk. It is also more likely that Mr Mursis immediate priority will be to concentrate on Egypts many daunting domestic problems including rampant poverty and unemployment. Debating leaders: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/opinion/21iht-edzewail21.html?pagewanted=all From the time of Ramses II, the strong pharaoh who ruled Egypt thousands of years ago, until last year when Hosni Mubarakââ¬â¢s reign ended, Egyptians were never able to witness a debate over who should take over the democratic reins in the highest office of the land. Our new culture of debate, together with the election of the Parliament last December, are milestones in the history of the nation, paving a new, but rocky, path toward democracy. The open debate between the secular and religious orientations of politics wasà unthinkable over the past 60 years. This new openness means the Egyptian body politic is maturing. In the end, Egyptians know that, for the first time, they can choose their future. It wonââ¬â¢t be dictated or imposed by anyone. Army protected revo: Unlike in nearby Syria or earlier in Libya, the Egyptian Army has taken the high road and protected the revolution in its infancy. And it has been the guardian of these unprecedented transparent elections. Problems: Among the most serious problems are economic hardship, the uncertainty of the political climate and the deterioration of security ââ¬â a feature that Egyptian society faces anew. These problems have been compounded over the past 15 months as each of the three main constituencies involved in the revolution ââ¬â the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), which is in charge of the transition period; the politically liberal as well as Islamic-oriented parties; and the youth who triggered the uprising ââ¬â have stumbled in one way or another. Little bloodshed: It is a hopeful sign indeed that we Egyptians are still marching forward toward democracy with relatively little bloodshed. All signs indicate that a counterrevolution is not in store for Egypt. We will not turn back to a totalitarian governing system. Perhaps the most encouraging of all is the confidence of Egyptians in their future. In Egypt, a Victory for Democracy but Fear for the Future: http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-25/in-egypt-a-victory-for-democracy-but-fear-for-the-future ââ¬Å"So many questions remain unanswered that what can best be said is that either SCAF and the Brotherhood have worked out a deal of some sort or the political jousting has only just begun,â⬠wrote Issandr El Amrani, a popular blogger on Egyptian politics. ââ¬Å"Both the Brothers andà SCAF have positioned themselves in a manner in which backing down from their respective positions on the question of parliament and the Supplemental Constitutional Declaration would be a loss of face.â⬠Tensions ran high for two weeks, when the SCAF assumed legislative responsibilities after shutting down the Islamist-controlled Parliament, announced a Supplemental Constitutional Declaration that drastically reduced presidential powers, and gave themselves the ability to veto articles of drafts of Egyptââ¬â¢s new constitution. They also reintroduced martial law, allowing soldiers to arrest civilians. Critics called their actions a soft coup. The Muslim Brotherhood, the most powerful political player in Egypt, has on the surface refused to accept any of these decisions, staging a sit-in in Tahrir Square and issuing aggressive statements to the media, all the while vowing to pressure the military government to rescind their declarations. It was a rare move, as the pragmatic group is more generally known for cutting deals with the regime rather than going toe-to-toe. Last week, with the possibility of a victory by Ahmed Shafiq, the other candidate in the run-off election who is widely viewed as aligned with the military, the Brotherhood showed a willingness to work with the revolutionary groups it had mostly ignored since the uprising against Mubarak. Morsi pledged to form a national salvation government to include secular politicians, Christians, and women. ââ¬Å"The big question is: Can they build a broader, more inclusive front that can effectively challenge SCAFââ¬â¢s grip on power?â⬠asks Shadi Hamid, director of research at the Brookings Doha Center. ââ¬Å"Now that fear [of Shafiqââ¬â¢s victory] has passed, is there still enough that binds [the opposition groups] together? I do think the Brotherhood has at least implicitly acknowledged the mistakes of recent months and they have tried to strike a more conciliatory tone, and the recognition that they canââ¬â¢t do this alone because they are fighting a very challenging adversary: SCAF and the old regime.â⬠To add to the challenges of running a country with a crumbling economy, President Morsi won with a narrow margin, garnering 51.7 percent of the vote. He had promised to be the president of all Egyptians during his first address to the nation Sunday night . ââ¬Å"The game was being played almost like a game of poker on both sides,â⬠says Hani Shukrallah, managing editor of the English-language online version of the Al Ahramnewspaper. ââ¬Å"If we have reached a compromise, thatââ¬â¢s a bit helpful for healing the deep schismsà [within] society. We have a society thatââ¬â¢s been split down the middle, with enormous polarization. Most of the people who voted for Morsi did so out of dread [of] Shafiq.â⬠On a side street leading to Tahrir Square on Sunday night, Ehab El Shawi led his three children to the epicenter of the celebration in the birthplace of Egyptââ¬â¢s uprising. Like many, he was caught between rejoicing at the idea of a new president and the reality of the officeââ¬â¢s lack of power. ââ¬Å"This is the first time all Egyptian people made a choice in 7,000 years to elect a normal Egyptian citizen. This is the first time we have freedom in more than 60 years,â⬠El Shawi said happily of the first non-military president in Egyptââ¬â¢s history. ââ¬Å"But we have to change all the decisions taken during the presidential elections and force the powers to ensure Dr.Morsi will have all the power to make Egypt a modern country,â⬠he added. ââ¬Å"We still need to take Egypt back from the old regime. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Timeline: Anti-Mubarak protests 2010 February Former UN nuclear chief Mohammed ElBaradei returns to Egypt and, together with opposition figures and activists, forms a coalition for political change. ElBaradei says he might run in presidential election scheduled for 2011. 2010 March President Mubarak undergoes gall-bladder surgery in Germany, returning to Egypt three weeks later. 2010 June Muslim Brotherhood fails to win any seats in elections to the Shura consultative upper house of parliament; alleges vote was rigged. 2010 November Coptic Christians clash with police in Giza over construction of church. Parliamentary polls, followed by protests against alleged vote rigging. Muslim Brotherhood fails to win a single seat, though it held a fifth of the places in the last parliament. 2011 January 21 killed in bomb at church in Alexandria where Christians had gathered to mark the New Year. Anti-government demonstrations, apparently encouraged by Tunisian street protests which prompted sudden departure of President Ben Ali. President Mubarak reshuffles his cabinet but fails to placate demonstrators, whose calls for his resignation grow louder. Days later he promises to step down in September. 2011 February President Mubarak steps down and hands powerà to the army council. 2011 March Egyptians approve package of constitutional reforms aimed at paving the way for new elections. 2011 April Former President Mubarak and his sons, Ala and Gamal, are arrested on suspicion of corruption. 2011 April-August Protests continue in Cairos Tahrir Square over slow pace of political change. Islamist groups come to the fore. Army finally disperses protestors in August. 2011 August Former President Mubarak goes on trial in Cairo, charged with ordering the killing of demonstrators earlier in the year. 2011 October Clashes between Coptic Christians and security forces kill 24 people. Egypt and Israel swap 25 Egyptians in Israeli custody for a US-Israeli citizen accused of spying. 2011 November Violence in Cairos Tahrir square as security forces clash with protesters accusing the military of trying to keep their grip on power. Prime Minister EssamSharaf resigns in response to the unrest. Start of parliamentary elections. 2011 December National unity government headed by new Prime Minister Kamal al-Ganzouri takes office. 2012 January Islamist parties emerge as victors of drawn-out parliamentary elections. 2012 March Pope Shenouda III, the veteran head of the Coptic Church, dies. 2012 April Crisis in relations with Saudi Arabia over the Saudi detention of an Egyptian lawyer briefly threatens the substantial aid that the Saudis provide Egypt. First free presidential poll 2012 May Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Mursi tops the first round of voting in first free presidential elections, narrowly ahead of Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafiq. Official media put turnout at a low 43%. Military leaders announce the end of the state of emergency in place since Anwar al-Sadats assassination in 1981, as its last renewal expires. 2012 June Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Mursi narrowly wins presidential election.Armyvs civilian rule Court sentences ex-President Mubarak to life in prison for complicity in the killing of protesters during the 2011 uprising. 2012 July President Mursi submits to a Supreme Court ruling that the parliamentary elections were invalid, after initially ordering parliament to meet in defiance of a military decree dissolving it in June. 2012 August New prime ministerHishamQandil appoints a cabinet dominated by figures from the outgoing government, technocrats and Islamists, to the exclusion of secular parties. Islamist fighters attack anà army outpost in Sinai, killing 16 soldiers, and mount a brief incursion into Israel, highlighting the tenuousness of government control over the largely-lawless area. President Mursi dismisses Defence Minister Tantawi and Chief of Staff Sami Annan and strips military of say in legislation and drafting the new constitution. 2012 September Egypt kills 32 militants and destroys 31 smuggling tunnels to Gaza in an offensive against militants who attacked troops in Sinai in August. 2012 November Bishop Tawadros is chosen as the new pope of Egypts Coptic Christians. President Mursi issues a decree giving himself extensive new powers. The decree sparks angry demonstrations and is condemned by Egypts top judges, who accuse him of undermining the independence of the judiciary. The Islamist-dominated constituent assembly tasked with writing a new constitution approves all 234 articles of the draft constitution, which boosts the role of Islam in Egypts system of government. The assembly session is boycotted by liberal, left-wing and Christian members. The vote is held earlier than originally scheduled, after Egypts constitutional court threatened to dissolve the constituent assembly. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13315719 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/23-egypt-indyk Prospects for Democracy in Egypt: Theres a conventional wisdom in the United States that Arabs are incapable of sustaining a true Western-style, liberal democracy. It will take them hundreds of years to acquire a democratic culture, the argument goes. And in the meantime new authoritarian regimes either Islamist or military will replace the ones that have been overthrown in the past year and give us all a lesson in Arab democracy. Advocates of this view were the first to announce, with all-knowing smiles, that the Arab Spring had become an Arab Winter. When Islamist parties won free and mostly fair elections in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco in recent months, the proponents of this view had an I told you so moment and they were quick to denounce anybody who said otherwise as hopelessly naive. After a prolonged hibernation, politics has broken out in Cairo, the capital of the Arab Awakenings. For the first time in six decades people are acquiring a taste for freedom and, yes, Western-style democratic politics. The issues they debate so vigorously are critical to the shape of Egypts democratic future: What will be the residual powers of the Egyptian military? Whats the best model for dividing powers between the Presidency and the Parliament? What revisions should be made to the Constitution to ensure democratic rule? At the same time, the newly-elected parties are busy engaging in the horse-trading necessary to coalition politics, since no one party gained a majority (the Muslim Brotherhoods Freedom and Justice Party won around 47 percent of the vote; the Salafi Al-Nour Party won 25 percent, and a variety of liberal parties won the rest.). We were treated to an amazing sight: Salafi religious purists attempting to negotiate an alliance with liberal secularists. How did they justify such a pragmatic deal? The enemy of my enemy is my friend, one of them explained to us. They can both agree on a short-term political agenda: countering the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood and getting the army out of politics. And what about the imposition of Sharia law? The leader of the Salafi Al-Nour Party noted that his party is comfortable with the conservative nature of Egyptian society so a campaign to impose sharia law is unnecessary. They can be satisfied (at least for the time being) with the existing language of Article 2 of the Constitution which states that the principles of Islamic shariah will guide the state. This kind of pragmatic politics is deeply disturbing to the Costa Salafis a young generation of Salafis whose makeshift headquarters is in a Costa cafe. They denounce their elders not so much for being willing to compromise, which they readily accept as part of the new politics, but of failing to articulate through fatwas the religious basis for those compromises. Its as if the Salafi leadership, propelled onto the political stage for the first time, has become unplugged and feels able to do whatever is necessary in the political realm to protect its community of socialà conservatives. They reminded me of the religious parties in Israel! Meanwhile, the Muslim Brotherhood is busy making its own compromises with the military and with other liberal parties that would enable its Freedom and Justice Party to build a governing and empowered coalition (at the moment, they can control the parliament but until its powers are defined in the constitution and the military hands over power, they cannot control the government). Whereas the Salafis are looking to constrain the Muslim Brotherhood, the MB is focused on how to ease fears of its intentions. After operating for eighty years in the political wilderness, the MB has learned just how fragile this moment could turn out to be. Thats why its leadership is more willing to compromise with the military than the other parties to its left and right. Consequently, the other parties fear that the MB will sell them out to the military in some sweetheart deal that compromises the revolution and their abilities to use democratic rules of the game to constrain the MB and hold the military accountable. This tension will likely manifest itself in the massive demonstrations that are expected on January 25 in Tahrir Square to commemorate the first anniversary of the Revolution. The military and the MB have called for a celebration, complete with party balloons and patriotic songs. Youth activists and some liberal parties, particularly exercised by the eighty some demonstrators who were killed by the police and the army in crackdowns in November and December last year, are calling for a demonstration against military rule. Some of the far-left revolutionary youth are calling for a campaign of violence. The way the January 25 demonstrations play out will be only one of the ways in which square politics and party politics interact in Egypts newly dynamic democracy. All the parties feel that they can claim legitimacy from the peoples mandates that they have received in the elections. This empowers them to stand up to the military in demanding that it leave the political arena promptly and allow Egyptian democracy to have its day. If the military focuses only on protecting its narrow interests (e.g., retaining its business interests, claiming immunity from prosecution forà past actions, demanding only responsibility for protecting the states borders), then a reasonable compromise can be fashioned. However, if the military insists on specifying reserve powers in the constitution and protecting its budget from civilian oversight, then the people know the way back to Tahrir Square. As one newly-elected parliamentarian put it: We are legitimate now; the army is not. And what about the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty? We didnt raise the issue they did. It came up in most conversations in the following way: We have been elected by the people. Were responsible to them. The people want stability, above all. They want the police back in the streets and calm and predictability restored to their daily lives. We dont like the way Israel treats the Palestinians. We dont like the price that Israel pays for Egyptian gas. But were not going to mess with the peace treaty. That sentiment is so widely shared that one of the heads of the Muslim Brotherhood could declare to the New York Times last week that the peace treaty is a commitment of the state, and therefore will be respected. The sense of responsibility that rests on the shoulders of those who would govern 87 million people is palpable. They know the severe economic straits that they will have to confront. They know that neither tourists nor foreign investment will return to Egypt unless there is a clear commitment to stability. And they know the people will not forgive them if they fail to address their basic needs for order, jobs and housing. In short, newly-elected Egyptian politicians the Muslim Brotherhood first and foremost understand that they have to make a choice between feeding the people and fighting Israel, and for the time being they have made a conscious choice of bread over bombs. The fact that Palestine is not a priority for the Egyptian people has been manifest since the early days of the revolution. It was underscored for me during a lecture I gave at the American University in Cairo, just off Tahrir Square. A Palestinian student, draped in a Palestinian flag, stood with a makeshift banner in silent protest at the front of the hall. Despite this prominent reminder, during the ensuing ninety-minute QA session withà students and journalists no-one asked a question about Palestine. To be sure, theres always the risk that populist politicians will outbid each other in their demagoguery on the Palestinian issue, especially if Israeli-Palestinian violence flares. But Israel is particularly sensitive to this possibility and the Muslim Brotherhood is apparently signaling its Hamas branch to keep things quiet too. (With 350 trucks a day passing from Israel into Gaza, and smuggling of weapons through the tunnels continuing apace, Hamas has its own reasons for maintaining the current de facto ceasefire with Israel.) What was perhaps most striking to me, however, was the attitude of the new political class to the United States. I had expected to encounter hostility after all the United States had been Mubaraks staunch ally through the three decades of his Pharaohnic rule. I had assumed that the Islamist politicians in particular would be antagonistic towards American influence in post-revolutionary Egypt, just as the Iranian clerics have manifested intense antagonism towards the United States since their revolution. Yet Egypts Islamists all seemed keen to engage with the United States government. The Muslim Brotherhood was trying to understand President Obamas intentions in demanding that the military hand over power to civilian (i.e. Muslim Brotherhood) rule, expeditiously. They werent sure how to deal with the fact that Bill Burns, the Deputy Secretary of State, had just met with their leadership. But one thing they were very certain about they need U.S. economic assistance and U.S. help in mobilizing international assistance. They were therefore quite anxious to know how Congress would treat them. Because of this new U.S. Government engagement with their arch-rivals, the Salafis too are seeking American recognition. Their leaders are keen to come to Washington to explain their intentions. They even appear willing to engage with Israel to establish their bona fides one of their leaders recently gave an interview to Israeli Army Radio. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-58819469556471648242020-01-23T08:51:00.001-08:002020-01-23T08:51:03.815-08:00The Chinese Cultural Revolution Essay -- China History Chinese Red GuaThe Chinese Cultural Revolution The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, beginning as a campaign targeted at removing Chairman Mao Zedong's political opponents, was a time when practically every aspect of Chinese society was in pandemonium. From 1966 through 1969, Mao encouraged revolutionary committees, including the red guards, to take power from the Chinese Communist party authorities of the state. The Red Guards, the majority being young adults, rose up against their teachers, parents, and neighbors. Following Mao and his ideas, The Red Guard's main goal was to eliminate all remnants of the old culture in China. They were the 'frontline implementers' who produced havoc, used bloody force, punished supposed 'counter revolutionists', and overthrew government officials, all in order to support their 'beloved leader'. à à à à à ?Red Guards? was a title given to people belonging to many different social groups: workers, peasants, demobilized soldiers and students. A vast majority of the people in this group were youngsters in their mid-teens, who were summoned at their middle schools by Mao. The Red Guard youth soon turned from obedient to rebellious students. Red Scarf Girl is a novel based on truth, terror and courage during the Cultural Revolution. The following excerpt discusses about the hundreds of wall posters the young Red Guard?s wrote, which discriminated against teachers, and members of their community. ?Sheet after sheet, article after article, each da-zi-bao was a bitter accusation. One was titled, ?Teacher Li, Abuser of the Young.? The student had failed to hand in her homework on time, and Teacher Li had told her to copy the assignment over five times as punishment. Another student said his teacher had deliberately ruined his students? eyesight by making them read a lot, so they could not join the Liberation Army. Still another accused Teacher Wang of attempting to corrupt a young revolutionary by buying her some bread when he learned that she had not eaten lunch.? (42) With the incentive of being promoted, the youth set out to change the whole educational system. The students denounced the old curriculum and lessons, which taught abstract ideas not pertaining to the revolution. They vilified respectable administrators, whose only intentions were to educate children and turn them into intelligent young adults. This disruption in the ... ...ng the time of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, mayhem was a part of everyday life. Mao Zedong encouraged rebellious actions from the Red Guards, and rewarded those who shone as leaders. He also targeted his political rivals by provoking the Red Guards to follow his ideas, and annihilate all remnants of china?s old culture. After the revolution ended, the Red guards received the disciplinary actions they deserved, and the tortured victims finally inadvertently received the vengeance they deserved. Works Cited Cheng, Nien. Life and Death in Shanghai. New York, New York: The Penguin Group, 1986. Hoobler, Dorothy, Thomas Hoobler, and Michael Kort, comps. China: Regional Studies Series. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Globe Fearon, 1993. 174-177. Interview Mr. Nien with His Daughter. The Harbinger. 27 Mar. 2001. 21 May 2004 . Jiang, Ji Li. Red Scarf Girl. N.p.: HarperTrophy, n.d. Mr, Nie. Interview with His Daughter. The Harbinger. 27 Mar. 2001. 21 May 2004 . Nie, Mr.. Interview with His Daughter. The Harbinger. 27 Mar. 2001. 21 May 2004 . "Red Guards." Brittanica. "Red Guards." Wikipedia. 20 May 2004 . "Red Guard." tiscali.reference. 21 May 2004 . Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-54768483537964693492020-01-15T05:15:00.001-08:002020-01-15T05:15:05.066-08:00Race: Black People and Larger Racial Minorities EssayAnswer the following questions in 100 to 250 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. * Throughout most of U. S. history, in most locations, what race has been in the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? White people have been the majority of the population. The common ancestral background of most of the members in this group are Europeans. * What are some of the larger racial minorities in U. S. history? What have been the common ancestral backgrounds of each of these groups? When did each become a significant or notable minority group? Whites and blacks are a larger race in us. Europeans are the common ancestral background of whites and African American common ancestral background was from the west. The whites became a significant minority group in the 1600ââ¬â¢s and blacks became a significant minority group in the 1800ââ¬â¢s * In what ways have laws been used to enforce discrimination? Provide examples. These laws were intended against which racial minorities? Laws have been enforcing discrimination by making sure that all races have the same opportunity at a job. This is the civil rights act and it was made so that blacks and other races could all have a fair chance at a job and could not be rejected because of their race. If a black person would try to get a job and not get hired but a white person goes in and has everything the same as the black person but gets hired the black person can take that company to court for discrimination. These laws where intended for all racial minorities so everyone has the same opportunity. * In what ways have laws been used to eliminate discrimination? Provide examples. Did the laws work to eliminate discrimination? Allowing blacks and white to attend the same schools and allowing them to sit anywhere on a bus. Back years ago blacks had to sit in the back of the bus and if a white person needed a seat they had to give up theirs, as far as the schooling goes now black and whites can go to the same schools. I think the laws worked to eliminate discrimination because you do not see anyone making a black person move for a white person or having a school with only white kids. They laws have helped us become one country instead of 2 and everyone has a better look at each other now that we can combine races. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-72977492441970550792020-01-07T01:38:00.001-08:002020-01-07T01:38:03.342-08:00Lord of the Flies compared to The Adventures of... Lord of the Flies compared to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In todayââ¬â¢s society, everyone must learn to take care of something or someone, and that is a responsibility that they must uphold. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and Lord of the Flies, the responsibility of the boys is to manage by themselves without any parental guidance or any source of established authority. The events in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be easily compared to those of Lord of the Flies mostly because both of the main characters have major roles and duties. The two duties the main characters came in contact with are taking care of others, and themselves, and have the responsibility to do the right thing, which implies that the responsibilityâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They choose this path because they both run away from their previous lives to live a better one. ââ¬Å"But looky here, Huck, who wuz it dat ââ¬Ëuz killed in dat shanty ef it warnââ¬â¢t you?ââ¬â¢ Then I told him the whole thing, and he said it was smart...ââ¬ËHow do you come to be here, Jim, and howââ¬â¢d you get here?ââ¬â¢...ââ¬ËWell, I bââ¬â¢lieve you, Huck. I - I run off.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (Twain 42) Jim and Huck meet quite a few new characters throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and they do not know which of them they can trust. They do not know if they can trust these new characters because it is their first time to meet these people. Some of the people are frauds pretending to be good people, but some of them are good people from the start. Since Jim and Huck choose to take care of themselves, they cannot rely on these newcomers to keep them safe. The characters in Lord of the Flies and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn must also take care of each other; they must also work together to get things done. In Lord of the Flies, the boys on the island work together to get things accomplished as a team. Some of these things are making shelters, building a fire and keeping it going, and creating spears. If every boy does not fulfill his responsibility that he has taken on, then they might be stranded on the island forever. In order to get things done, the boys are placed in different groups. A group established early on in the book Lord of the flies isShow MoreRelatedComparing Lord of the Flies with The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn1005 Words à |à 5 Pagestwo skills develop with the aid of parents or any adult, maturity teaches us about the path of understanding things in the society and it leads to the decision to choose from right or wrong. The events of Lord of flies can be easily compared to those in the book The adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In these two books , it deals with the two main characters who are not old enough to hold such responsibilities. Therefore, in both books a change in society enabled the characters to experience and developRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words à |à 17 Pageswithin the word or page limit youââ¬â¢ve been given? Conversely, is this a topic big enough to fill the required length? Good Questions ââ¬Å"Are Romeo and Julietââ¬â¢s parents responsible for the deaths of their children?â⬠ââ¬Å"Why do pigs keep showing up in Lord of the Flies?â⬠ââ¬Å"Are Dr. Frankenstein and his monster alike? How?â⬠Bad Questions ââ¬Å"What happens to Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird?â⬠ââ¬Å"What do the other characters in Julius Caesar think about Caesar?â⬠ââ¬Å"How does Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter remindRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words à |à 116 Pagesfive-stage structure is repeated in many of the individual chapters, while the novel as a whole builds on a series of increasing conflicts and crises. Such a structure is found both in such classics of fiction as Flaubertââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Madame Bovaryâ⬠and in the adventure thrillers of Alistar MacLean. EXPOSITION: The exposition is the beginning section in which the author provides the necessary background information, sets the scene, establishes the situation, and dates the action. It may also introduce the characters Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-31165611155586838622019-12-29T22:02:00.001-08:002019-12-29T22:02:02.706-08:00The European Convention On Human Rights - 1492 Words - Anything that is italicized needs to be rewritten The European Convention on Human Rights. Exactly what is it and what are its aims? Its an international treaty which only member States of the Council of Europe may sign. The Convention lays a basic groundwork of all rights and guarantees which the States have to be held to. These rights include the freedom of though, expression, conscience, religion, effective remedy, peace enjoyment of possessions, and the right to vote and to stand for election. However, there are some limitations within these rights that need mentioning: Qualified, Absolute and Limited Rights. Absolute rights refer to the prohibition torture and inhuman and degrading treatment (Article 3). The State can never withhold or take away these rights. Limited rights, such as the right to liberty (article 5) may be limited under explicit and finite circumstances. Qualified rights are those which require a balance between the rights of the individual and the needs of the wider community or state interest. These include th e right to respect for private and family life (article 8), to manifest oneââ¬â¢s religion or beliefs (Article 9), expression (Article 10), freedom of assembly and associations (article 11), the right to peaceful enjoyment of property (protocol 1, article 1), and to some extent, the right to education (protocol 1 Article 2) The Council of Europe is a regional intergovernmental organization which promotes human rights, democracy, and in the rule ofShow MoreRelatedThe European Convention Of Human Rights1657 Words à |à 7 PagesThe European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) can be defined as an international agreement initiated within the Council of Europe, which was established in 1949 in Strasbourg in France in order to unify Europe after the Second World War (Harries et al., 2014; O Boyle, 2014). According to Donald et al., (2012), United Kingdom was among the first countries to adopt and has played an important role in ECHR creation at that time. In 1966, the petition and jurisdiction of UKââ¬â¢s citizens was voluntaryRead MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights1704 Words à |à 7 PagesThe European Convention on Human Rights was drafted in 1950. The UK and other 47 states have signed up. It is based on a series of articles and each of them protects a basic human right, allowing people to liv e free and respected lives. All the signatory states have to respect the fundamental civil rights which include: the right to life (article 2); prohibition of torture(article 3); the prohibition of slavery and forced labour(article 4); the right to liberty and security(article 5); the rightRead MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights2782 Words à |à 12 Pagesholocaust, where humans were exploited was seen by many. To prevent this from happening in the future, the European Countries had come together in order to devise a strategy. The outcome of this was that Council of Europe, was created in order to draft a European convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to safeguard human rights and the basic freedoms in Europe. Human Rights (HR) is considered to be a minimum legal protection and freedom to which every citizen is entitled by virtue of human beings. EachRead MoreThe European Convention Of Human Rights Act1490 Words à |à 6 PagesThe European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), outlines the various rights of citizens in European nations, giving explicit power to the European courts (ECtHR), as well as domestic courts, with regard to the violation of these rights in the member states of the European Union. One thing to note is that the ECHR cannot be enacted without referring to the Human Rights Act (HRA) of 1998, which was inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) at Geneva in 1948. The aim of this essayRead MoreThe European Convention on Human Rights Act 1998968 Words à |à 4 Pagesstatement The European Convention on Human Rights exists to guarantee legal protection to fundamental rights. It will examine how rights are protected in law and the way the UK approaches th e protection of these rights. Explanation will be made of the way that the UK addresses the implementation of the rights in the English legal system. Issues such as conflicting rights and legal limitations will also be considered. An evaluation will be made of whether or not The Human Rights Act 1998 protectsRead MoreSources Of Law And European Convention On Human Rights Essay1160 Words à |à 5 Pages Starting with the fact that sources of law in Wales and England are similar, there are 4 sources of law, which are: Statute Law, Common Law, European Law and European Convention on Human Rights. First of all, Statute law is a written law passed by a legislature on the state of federal level. An example of it would be à «Theft Act 1968à ». It is the first and primary source of law and it is created by proposing a Bill in Parliament. After three readings of the bill in House of Commons and House of LordsRead MoreDefinition Of Media Freedom Of Expression Under Article 10 Of The Human Rights Act And The European Convention On1676 Words à |à 7 PagesChapter 3 - Explanation of Media Freedom of Expression under Article 10 of the Human Rights Act and the European Convention on Human Rights On the 2nd October 2000, the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force as the most important privacy statute to further strengthen the UK domestic law by affording the rights introduced by the European Convention on Human Rights. The HRA 1998 have been introduced with a wide and comprehensive scope as it applies to most domestic public authorities and bodies including:Read MoreThe European Convention On Human Rights1978 Words à |à 8 PagesWith a number of recent high profile court rulings and a major new Regulation in the works, data privacy has become a cause cà ©là ¨bre within the European Union (EU). The size and connectivity of the European market means that shifts in its regulatory framework ripple with major consequences for global business. The EUââ¬â¢s latest attempts to legislate in this area are a consequence of shortcomings in the design and implementation of the existing system of data collection, retention and safeguarding.Read MoreChallenges Facing The European Convention On Human Rights1820 Words à |à 8 Pagescitizenship enabling migration and cultural clashes, whilst also looking at the statute that enables free movement of goods and people, resulting in mass immigration and the Eu ropean Convention on Human Rights. This paper will evaluate EU principles that affect the UK constitution, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Costa v ENEL (1964) CMLR 425 case being evidence proving that the EU will face challenges concerning its law being more superior than national law, Van Gend en loos (1963)Read MoreChallenges Facing The European Convention On Human Rights1823 Words à |à 8 Pagescitizenship enabling migration and cultural clashes, whilst also looking at the statute that enables free movement of goods and people, resulting in mass immigration and the European Convention on Human Rights. This paper will evaluate EU principles that affect the UK constitution, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Costa v ENEL (1964) CMLR 425 case being evidence proving that the EU will face challenges concerning its law being more superior than national law, Van Gend en loos (1963) Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-72726836089299202282019-12-21T17:49:00.001-08:002019-12-21T17:49:03.961-08:00Late Term Abortion On Abortion Essay - 1827 Words Monique Robinson Professor Samulowitz ENG 200 December 6, 2016 Late Term Abortion Late term abortion, whereby of twenty weeks an unborn fetus is injected with Dignoxin, giving the fetus a painful fatal heart attack and allowing the womenââ¬â¢s body to undergo physical repercussions. The procedure takes the women through three to four days of painful incisions and contractions until the abortionââ¬â¢s complete. The procedure may not always succeed which can lead to unexpected live births. The mother may also experience some effects after the abortion, such as minor spotting to serious complications like a hemorrhage. Women, who have abortions, increase the chances of having future pregnancy complications. George Tiller, a late term abortionist, created the technique used across the states known as the MOLD Technique. MOLD, an acronym for the four ingredients utilized during the procedure: Misoprostol, Oxytocin, Laminaria and Digoxin. The use of this technique can occur as early as twenty weeks to as far as thirty-five weeks into the pregnancy. When a woman can have an abortion depends on the state the woman decides to have the procedure done (ââ¬Å"Operation Rescue,â⬠2016). U.S. Supreme Court stands firm on the idea of restricting a woman s right to an abortion according to the individual state. Forty-three states ban abortions after a certain time period in pregnancy. Nineteen of those states prohibits abortions at fetal viability, while three states ban the procedure in the thirdShow MoreRelatedPartial And Late Term Abortion1688 Words à |à 7 Pages Partial and Late-Term Abortion At the present time, abortion has become a hot topic that has sparked many heated debates in the recent presidential election, with both parties feeling strongly about the subject. Partial-birth abortion can be defined as the removal of a fetus that has already died and a late-term abortion is an abortion that occurs during a late stage of the pregnancy. I chose this topic in order to not only learn more and become better informed about this issue that has sparkedRead MoreLate Term Abortion Essay1410 Words à |à 6 Pagesin our nation today abortion is illegal when the fetus becomes a viable human being, meaning that it can survive outside of its mothers womb. This is often referred to as a late-term abortion, which usually occurs between the 24th and 28th weeks of a pregnancy. One of the problems associated with the ban on late term abortions in the United States is that viability is not defined. That is, there is no set week of gestation where a fetus is said to be viable. Late te rm abortions are performed for severalRead MoreThe Cost Of Late Term Abortion2159 Words à |à 9 Pages Late Term Abortion By Kelsey Holm The Cost of Late-Term Abortion We have seen a monumental amount of political and social activism coming from Pro-life and Pro-choice proponents in the 25 years following the Supreme Court s landmark decision in Roe v. Wade. Far from settling the issue of a woman s constitutional right to an abortion, the Roe decision galvanized pro-life and prochoice groups and precipitated many small battles in what many on both sides view to be a war betweenRead MoreA Brief Note On Late Term Abortion Procedure Essay1750 Words à |à 7 PagesLate Term Abortion In the United States, the late term abortion procedure, Dilation and Evacuation, inhumanely terminates the unborn human fetus and causes harmful side effects to the woman. The medical procedure has been legalized although the actions performed during the process raises ethical concerns for the way the physician executes the fetus. George Tiller, a late term abortionist, created the technique used across the states known as the MOLD Technique. MOLD, an acroynym for the four ingredientsRead MoreThe Issue That Donald Trump And Hillary Clinton Disagree On Is Abortion1001 Words à |à 5 Pagesand Hillary Clinton disagree on is abortion. Let us take a look at Mr. Trumpââ¬â¢s position on this topic. He is quoted as saying, ââ¬Å"Public funding of abortion providers is an insult to people of conscience at the least and an affront to good governance at bestâ⬠(Trump). He believes that ââ¬Å"life is the most fundamental right.â⬠Donald Trump actively opposes Planned Parenthood and disapproves of using government funds to pay for abortions. He is opposed to abortion except for rape, incest, and in casesRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal974 Words à |à 4 PagesAllowing late term abortion is taking away the rights of life to healthy babies. An abortion can be carried out any where from thirteen to thirty-nine weeks. Some doctors say that late term abortions are only done when medically necessary. However, there is evidence to prove that this is not always the case. In order to save healthy babies lives, late term abortion needs to be illegal unless it is truly a medical emergency. There are supposed to be laws in place to make sure that late term abortionsRead MoreAbortion : An Act Of Population Reduction920 Words à |à 4 PagesAbortion: Legalized Murder A resounding tune states that people make the world go around. It is understandable that old age, illnesses, accidents, wars, and many other disasters bring on reductions within the population. Yet, abortion as an act of population reduction is often a topic that many people would rather not discuss. Abortions account for 1.3 million deaths among unborn children yearly (ââ¬Å"Abortion: Late-Term/Partial Birth 2). The purpose of this research is to argue that, with the exceptionRead MoreThe Abortion Shouldn t Be Banned919 Words à |à 4 Pagesgeneral public can receive a late term abortion which can be carried out up to twenty-four weeks, that is six months into a pregnancy. The article ââ¬Å"Late Term Abortion Shouldnââ¬â¢t be Bannedâ⬠by the Abortions Rights Coalition of Canada, supports and commends the idea of late term abortion. They state that late term abortion are only used when medically necessary. There are multiple ways to prevent pregnancy that can eliminat e the need for abortions. The process of late term abortion is horrific and immoralRead MoreAbortion And The Second Presidential Debate Essay1334 Words à |à 6 PagesI have chosen to write about abortion and its role in the third presidential debate of 2016. To begin, we need to understand abortion and how it is received in the United States before we try to understand how the current candidates addressed abortion. Abortion has been a hot button topic in the United States since Roe vs. Wade in 1973 when criminalizing abortion was considered unconstitutional under the Due Process clause of the 14th amendment. This trial created a nationwide debate on not onlyRead MoreEssay on Abortion is Death1566 Words à |à 7 Pagesother? Any country that accepts abortion is not teaching its people to love, rather, to use violence to get what they wantâ⬠-- Mother Theresa If the people who have worked on finding a cure for cancer had been aborted, where would the world be at today? Abortion could be the cause of a lot Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-64431200025618341022019-12-13T14:20:00.001-08:002019-12-13T14:20:03.522-08:00Culturally, We Are Becoming More Similar Across the Globe Free Essays ââ¬Å"Culturally, we are becoming more similar across the globeâ⬠Introduction Apart from complicated definitions of the term ââ¬Å"globalizationâ⬠, the matter requires focusing on a simple explanation of this concept. Indeed, globalization is recognized as an ongoing process that accompanies with it, noticeably, certain challenges, such as a wide range of integrated communities, regional economics, and cultures, through a wide range of communication and trading. However, still the argument by all experts is corresponding to the theme whereas globalization provides similarity for individuals or not, at the cultural space. We will write a custom essay sample on Culturally, We Are Becoming More Similar Across the Globe or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper articulates an in-depth discussion of this theme. 1- Globalization Even though, globalization may be defined economically as a new integration of the entire global economies through the capital flows, migration, trading, technical spread, and basically foreign direct investment. 2- Culture and Globalization Despite the fact that there are recently ongoing political, economic and even cultural uniformitarian of the world, relativism has been raised to the very urgent issues of a philosophical agenda, along with many other various disciplines. There is still the question, which is puzzling that all thoughts related to the concept of whether there is an extension of cultural diversity influence the products and activities of social and philosophizing science or not (Steger, 2009). The opponents of global similarity built their vision on the importance of citizenship, even though the entire world became such a small village. To maintain citizenship reflects the fact of regular movements in many countries, simply to gain rights, and those different rights from other nations. National citizenship has its power and calls for the rights of citizens (Aronowitz, 2003). Lechner (2004), states that one can consider the year 1989 as a representation of citizenship. Even recently, many national movements call for acquiring the full citizenship, which reflects more rights, responsibilities, and dignities. An example of the global movements is the Arab Spring Revolutions. Globalization, it has took off in 1989 when the exponential growth in the analyses of the global universe began to call for a putative global reconstitution of political, economic, and cultural relationships as well. It has reflected the fact that people were living in a global village, as the struggles for citizenship have brought instantaneously and was living into their various homes (Krishna, 2008). Indeed, the struggles for the citizenship has been seen in the fall of the Berlin Wall along with the crushing of the Pro-Democracy movement in China, were transmitted through the communication systems of global media. 3- Role of Media Indeed, this term, ââ¬Å"New Mediaâ⬠has been defined according to many theories and opinions. Notwithstanding, there are regular debate over its impact and the convergence. To sum up, both ââ¬Å"New Mediaâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Digital Revolutionâ⬠have been employed interchangeably. Looking at the first term, new media, simply, indicates to profound changes, especially in the electronic communications, which back to 1980s, whereas digital revolution indicates to the influence of this rapid drop in the involved cost and as well this rapid expansion of digital devicesââ¬â¢ power, such as telecommunications and computer. Additionally, this change brought with it certain increasing globalization, social and technological transformations, and mainly, these changes in the way by which persons can see themselves and the surrounded world. Most importantly, this rapid change of technological revolution brings with it many challenges, especially which are corresponding with generating social changes focusing on these implicit virtues, values, and vices that are possessed by this rapid changed technology. With the highest change of technological revolution, U. S. A. could evolve with cultural relativism along with being included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. One more critical point here needed to be clarified. This challenge indicated to the transformation of the elements of cultural relativism. From this theme, U. S. A could expand its power to justify its universalistic ideology. This in turn, involved enhancing, civilizing, and as well liberating the indigenous human in an imperious extension. This is seen obviously in the economical policy of United States in Middle East. Despite all of the dark events and contradicts faced by cultural relativism, it must be put into consideration and again, with in-depth awareness that unlike any of the old generals, the arguments of cultural relativism neither fade away nor die (Dascal, 1991). Again, according to Dascal (1991), there is a necessity of deriving the new future of the theory from the frequently committed fallacy of confusion of cultural relativism with any other cultural diversity or variability. The second can be derived from the clear fact that recently there is not just one type of cultural relativism, but instead there are three types. These types must be considered widely when we are interested in adding to the future of cultural relativism. Those types of descriptive, epistemological and normal must be re-designated under the same term to avoid any further confusion. Those three types are not mere analytical acts that are separated, but they are considered historically distinct. The latter element must explicate any adverted results of epistemological relativism to assist this contemporary type of the theory, cultural relativism for more acts anthropologically and full of researches as well (Dascal, 1991). Again, apart from hard criticism of the wrong attitude of this ad, there is still hopefully, a positive evidence that old prejudices are fading with the introduction of each new generation to the rightful thinking, slowly eliminating old habits, thoughts, and actions that have been accepted for far too long. Back to the human rightsââ¬â¢ principles, still media needs to play strongly, its role in clarifying those principles obviously. Even though, cultural relativism included certain methodological and epistemological claims, which could be found easily in the aforesaid ad; the principle of cultural relativism should not be confused with the ideas of moral relativism, which advocated the theme of claiming relatively to historical, cultural, social, or personal circumstances. Internet, the global money markets, the world travel, the globally recognized brands, the globally organized corporations, and the global celebritiesââ¬â¢ living, etcâ⬠¦all have spoken of new modes of the social experience, which transcend each nation-state plus to its constitution of the national citizen (Mittelman, 2004). When everyone is seeking to be an actual citizen of the existing national society or to establish his own national society, the term globalization has appeared to be changing what it is supposed to be a citizen (Ritzer Atalay, 2010). Globalization appears to involve certain weakening of the social power and such a corresponding development of what is called ââ¬Ëpost-nationalââ¬â¢ citizenship. Most of the national citizenships are nowadays losing their required grounds to the model of membership, which should be universal and unique. Such a model should include membership, which is located within the increasing of territorialized nations of the extra universal rights of individuals. This post-national citizenship is, particularly, connected with the uest workingââ¬â¢s growth across various societies, greater global interdependence, which can overlap the memberships of different categories of citizenship. The emergence of universalistic conceptions and rules regarding all human rights have been formalized by all international laws and codes (Smith, 2002). Even though, according to Aronowitz (2003), the contemporary citizenship is known as loosely ââ¬Ëpost-modernââ¬â¢. In fact, there is no modern rati onal-legal state at all, particularly with any clear monopoly of power, which can be able to deliver unambiguous duties and rights to its citizens who may appear such a nation of strangers. Most importantly, and as mentioned by Krishna (2008), the global processes restructure certain social inequalities, while they are transforming many states into those ââ¬Ëregulatorsââ¬â¢ of flows. In addition, brands, corporations, NGOs and many of multi-national ââ¬Ëstatesââ¬â¢ have emerged more powerful than mere nation-states. Communities, such as Chinese, have developed no coterminous with the nation statesââ¬â¢ boundaries. This huge growth of post-national citizenship stem from a wide processes and many institutional arrangements, which are stretching within completely different communities. The result is there is huge variety of citizenships that are emerging in the present world (Lechner, 2004). Many examples of developing of that putative global citizenship, which can be articulated from the global media attitudes. Looking at the global mass media, one can figure out its consideration of citizenship as having necessitated certain symbolic resources, which have been distributed through different means of communication. There is an obvious theme of cultural citizenship, which is corresponding to the rights of all social groups, such as age, ethnic, gender, and sexual to full cultural participation within their communities. As to responsibilities and duties of global world, there is a theme, which demonstrates a stance of cosmopolitanism towards many other cultures, environments, and other citizens (Ritzer, 2010). Such cosmopolitanism involves either consuming such environments across the globe completely or even refusing to so consume those environments. Media plays its role professionally in this regard, while it is producing certain images as well as information, which provide solid means by which nature has come to be recognized as seriously threatened has become such a widely shared belief recently. Dramatically, the existence of the global networks and the huge flows can involve curious hybrids of the once-separate private and public spheres. The result will be an increase overlap between the private and public spheres, therefore on the other hand, between great issues of citizenship along with the nature of the contemporary consumerism (Macionis Plummer, 2012). Most preciously, culture and cultural policies that crisscross the private and public spheres are however, representing challenges of citizenship. Conclusion Globalization accompanies new themes, which may be contradicted with original culture and principles of citizens. Many appeals within the recent global media are interested strongly with the development of a sense of planetary responsibility, instead of that responsibility for certain locales. This is considered, relatively a new notion and, particularly one, which appears to distinguish all humans from other known species. The previous citizenships have been focused on antagonism between humans who are inside and those others who are outside, upon defining those non-citizens, the other, or those enemies. This reflects, simply, the fact that no similarity through the globe at all. References Aronowitz, S. (2003) Implicating empire: globalization and resistance in the 21st century world order, Basic Books. Dascal, M. (1991) Cultural Relativism and Philosophy: North and Latin American Perspectives, Leiden: BRILL. Krishna, S. (2008) Globalization and postcolonialism: hegemony and resistance in the twenty-first century, Rowman Littlefield. Lechner, F. (2004) The globalization reader, Wiley-Blackwell. Macionis, J. Plummer, K. , 2012, Sociology: A Global Introduction. th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, pp 165-169. Mittelman, J. (2004) Whither globalization? : the vortex of knowledge and ideology, Routledge. Ritzer, G. 2010, Globalization: A Basic Text, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp243-276. Ritzer, G. Atalay, 2010, Readings in Globalization: Key concepts and Debates, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp307-424. Smith, J. (2002) Globalization and resistance: transnational dimensions of so cial movements, Rowman Littlefield. Steger, M. 2009: Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp71-83. How to cite Culturally, We Are Becoming More Similar Across the Globe, Essay examples Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-72755661192219873492019-12-05T10:40:00.001-08:002019-12-05T10:40:05.945-08:00History Individual Study Essay Example For Students History Individual Study Essay How far did the policies of Olivares represent realistic solutions to the problems ofSpain?Introductionââ¬ËThe view is rapidly gaining currency that not only did Olivaresââ¬â¢ policies forSpain and its empire not differ markedly from those of earlier Spanish statesmen, but thatby and large the results of his manifold endeavours were both few and modest.ââ¬â¢This understanding of the historiography of Olivaresââ¬â¢ effectiveness from Israel,makes Olivares look unoriginal and ineffectual. However other historians, such as Elliotthave been far more sympathetic. ââ¬Ëâ⬠¦the first and the last ruler of Hapsburg Spain who had the breadth of visionto devise plans on a grand scale for the future of a world-wide monarchy: a statesmanwhose capacity for conceiving great designs was matched only by his consistent incapacityfor carrying them through to a successful conclusion.ââ¬â¢Were Olivaresââ¬â¢ policies a realistic way out of Spainââ¬â¢s difficulties or did theyagg ravate the situation? To understand this I am going to look at both Olivaresââ¬â¢foreign policy and domestic policy. Within foreign policy I propose to see how farOlivares pushed the reputaci?n of the state before domestic crises forced him to seekpeace. Among others the best areas to examine would be Olivaresââ¬â¢ policies during theThirty Years War from 1622; the Mantuan War 1628-31 and the great revolts of Catalonia andPortugal in 1640. As for domestic policy I will need to look at Olivaresââ¬â¢ initialreforms of 1623, why they fell through and the effect this had. Furthermore it isimportant to look at the areas where domestic policy coincides with foreign policy (in adefensive sense) in the Great Memorial, including the Union of Arms. I will also have tofind out if Olivaresââ¬â¢ policies were consistent, or whether they became more and moredrastic during his term of office. Firstly though, to understand if the policies wererealistic or not, I will have to look into t he real problems of Spain. Where exactly didthese problems lie and what areas required alteration to keep Spain afloat? From thispoint I will go on to see the policies in action and from this I will gather whether ornot they were realistic. 1. The problems with SpainOn an international scale, Spain between 1580 and 1620 was at the crest of her wealth andpower. Her supremacy was the dread of all other nations, and therefore its destruction wasthe cherished object of statesmen for a century. Her galleons ruled the seas and herarmies were feared. Yet due to the internally bad reputation that industry and commercehad, Spainââ¬â¢s economy was faltering. In comparison with her European neighbours, Spainwas industrially, agriculturally and commercially stagnant and wallowing in herold-fashioned militarism. With a vast and newly acquired empire, Spain was rapidlypropelled to the front of the world stage, but the costs of maintaining this empire provedcrippling. She manufactured very little that her neighbours required, apart from treasure. Yet with the mass influx of gold and silver from the colonies, treasure prices collapsedand in the long term led to rampant inflation. Table adapted from a graph in Years Imports of treasure in millions of pescos Indexnumbers of prices in silver (taken from the first year i.e. 1580, 1585, 1590 etc.) Index numbers of money wages (taken from the first year i.e. 1580,1585, 1590 etc.)1580-1584 29.5 98 1001585-1589 24 105 1091590-1594 35 108 1191595-1599 34.5 118 1211600-1604 24.5 132 1311605-1609 31 138 1601610-1614 24 129 1651615-1619 30.5 128 1641620-1624 27 129 1631625-1629 24.5 121 1621630-1634 17.5 132 1701635-1639 16 124 1751640-1644 14 133 179Yearly Spain had to acquire more and more wealth to maintain equilibrium and so yearly shespiralled closer and closer to bankruptcy. When silver mines had nothing more to yield ortreasure fleets were lost at sea, Spain was forced to borrow on a tremendous scale withforeign bankers. Taxes were raised on an already overtaxed private sector. In some years,all the merchantsââ¬â¢ profits were seized in order to pay off debts, which either ruinedthe merchants or forced them to leave the country. Therefore Olivares came to his ministry at a time when there was anexpress need for reform. During this time, ideas for reform were mostly forwarded by thearbitristas; literally proposers of reform. However the bulk of their proposals criticisedwhat was directly in front of them. To find the real source of Spainââ¬â¢s problems amore global perspective is required. It was not the corrupt pensions and favours sappingCastile of its life and blood; it was military expenditure. The protection of such largeand scattered territories was the heart of Castileââ¬â¢s difficulties. From the above one can identify four areas in which reform wasdesperately required. These areas were: internal corruption; finance; trade and the burdenof the empire and military expenditure upon Castile. 2. What were Olivaresââ¬â¢ attempts to curb Spainââ¬â¢s problems, andwere they realistic? Inevitably, under the influence of the arbitristas, Olivares saw thedesperate need for change in order to preserve Spain as a world power. Reform wasgenerally seen as a means to this end, but if reform threatened to upset the balance ofpower within Spain it would probably be dropped. It was very easy for Olivares to come upwith grand-scale plans for reform, but he found it impossible to implement them. Furthermore attempting to implement reformaci?n, while still trying to win reputaci?nthrough war, was impracticable. There were definite limits as to how far one could reforman early modern government, steeped in imperfection that had become a habitual part oflife. Many historians have illustrated that Olivaresââ¬â¢ inability to see this limit,due greatly to his energy and impatience, was the key reason for his failure both as areformer and a maintainer of Spainââ¬â¢s reputacion. ââ¬Ëâ⬠¦he tried to take shortcuts to objectives which required a more elaborateapproach. His vision of a greater Spain was too ambitious for the period of recession inwhich he lived.ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Ë(Olivares was) very inclined to novelties, without taking into account where theymay lead him.ââ¬â¢Olivaresââ¬â¢ first attempt at reform is a chief example of his over-ambitious nature, aswell as his grandiose plans. The Junta Grande de Reformacion had given variousrecommendations; a Junta re-es tablished by Olivares and his uncle, Zuniga, in August 1622. Its main aim was to eradicate corruption. Some of the recommendations, embodied in aletter of October 1622, were: the abolition of municipal offices; a national bankingscheme, to be funded by 5% of all wealth; abolition of the milliones and alcabala taxes,to be replaced by the institution of a single consolidated tax. Lynch believes thatOlivares may have used Juntas to side-step the councils. However Olivares called theCortes to seek approval, when the proposals for reform became Twenty-three Articles forReformation in February 1623. It was evident by their actions that the proposals hurt toomany vested interests, for example the abolition of offices was naturally opposed sincethe members of the Cortes were all officeholders. Furthermore closing all the brothels andpreventing emigration was simply impractical. These areas of reform show that Olivares waswell aware of many domestic problems which needed addressing. However domestic reform wasnot Olivaresââ¬â¢ first priority. ââ¬Ë His prime concern was the preservation of Spain as a world power, and this heconceived as a problem not of internal resources but of foreign and military policy.ââ¬â¢Hence when the need for money became absolute, Olivares simply retreated on manyproposals. A good example of this was the reversion to the Milliones in 1624; the end ofOlivaresââ¬â¢ attempts to put the crown finances into a sounder state. Olivares returned to the idea of reform again in the Great Memorial, given on Christmasday 1624. Many of his previous ideas were resurrected with a vital new angle; that ofunity. Olivares saw the monarchy as too varied within Spain, and that the other kingdomswere not pulling their weight. In the Great Memorial, Olivares advised the king toâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬Ëâ⬠¦reduce these kingdomsâ⬠¦to the style and laws of Castile, with nodifferentiation in the form of frontiers, customs posts, the power to convoke the Cortesof Castile, Aragon and Portugalâ⬠¦ if Your Majesty achieves this, you will be the mostpowerful prince in the world.ââ¬â¢ Taken out of context this may seem like an attempt to get rid of the privileges (jueors)held by the non-Castilian kingdoms. However it seems Olivaresââ¬â¢ intentions in thiscase were to have a mutual and integrated partnership with benefits for all the kingdoms. Cerebral Palsy Essay ConclusionDue to the financial strain of war there was a desperate need to find new and more stablesources of revenue. Since the councils were becoming more obstructive, Olivaresincreasingly relied on the Juntas or sub-committees to aid his policymaking. In 1634 theJunta de Ejecaci?n effectively replaced the council of state as a policy making body. Within these Juntas Olivares placed able and loyal men who were responsible forimplementing various new taxes. For example there was a new salt tax in 1631; in 1635 thejuros was attacked. This was the annual interest that was paid off on loans. For all thejuros held by natives, half of the yield was confiscated, while for any foreign juros theentire yield was taken. This method was continually employed throughout the followingyears. In 1637 all legal or official documents had to be written on a stamped paper, whichwas taxed. In the same year 487,000 ducats of American silver was seized and incompensation juros were distributed. There was a great deal of office selling, and areturn to feudal dues, where the nobles were expected to provide men and their arms. Earlyon, it seems that Olivaresââ¬â¢ schemes worked very well in the short run. In 1634,Hopton, the British ambassador, stated that the Spanish crownââ¬â¢s revenue had doubledover the past four years. However the practicalit y of Olivaresââ¬â¢ policies wasbeginning to wane, since there was a limit as to how far one could keep draining theresources of the nobility. Though he was very effective at squeezing money out of Castile,there was fast coming a time when it would be squeezed dry. Many of his measures, such asthe mass office selling, were only successful in the short-term. Therefore a steadiersource of income was required. For Olivares, the only conceivable way of doing this was by making amore concerted effort to make the Union of Arms work. Following various successes inFrance and Germany, the war was rapidly degenerating again with the loss of Breda 1637 andBreisach in December 1638. The loss of Breisach meant that the Spanish road was severedand the only way to get reinforcements in to the Spanish Netherlands was by sea. InOctober 1639, Tromp, the Dutch admiral, defeated the fleet of Don Antonio de Oquendo, atthe Battle of the Downs. This took out Spainââ¬â¢s naval capability in one blow. Furthermore control of Brazil was lost to the Dutch after a joint Portuguese and Spanisheffort failed in 1638. From all these events Olivares felt that all of his gargantuanefforts were doomed to failure. His contempt for the nobility was clear. He felt there wasa distinct lack of leadership from any of the nobles, despite his efforts to train men inthe Imperial College of Madrid. It was this lack of leadership that pushed Olivares tolook for peace in 1640. However this was to be difficult since Richelieu was unlikely tomake any reasonable agreement, while France was in a stronger position than Spain. Howeverthe war effort simply could not go on, since Castile was drained of men and resources, aswell as the economic situation being grave. Due to the seizing of silver, the tradebetween Seville and America had collapsed, as merchants had lost confidence. This lastsource of income was now crushed and the principle foundations of Spain were slippingaway. To make the Union work, the kingdoms of Portugal and Catalonia would have to pull theirweight a great deal more, due to their increasing reluctance to grant economic andmilitary assistance to the king. However, Olivares would need to alter the constitutionsof both the kingdoms; this would be especially hard within Catalonia. It seems thatPortugal held the best scope for manoeuvre, and in 1634 Princess Margaret of Savoy becamegoverness of Portugal. Through Margaret, Olivares hoped both to quench the lamentations ofRoyal neglect and achieve greater control over Portugal, by infiltrating the governmentwith Castilians disguised as advisers. Unfortunately for Olivares, the Portugueseimmediately saw through the ââ¬Ëadvisorââ¬â¢ scheme, leading to constant argumentwithin the government. The populace had never favoured the union with Castile, andalthough the taxes were going towards the defence of her possessions in Brazil, it didnothing to reconcile the population. In 1637 the aristoc racy still felt isolated from theCrown, and minor riots broke out. Although these came to little, they were an ominousindication of the potential for revolt. When France declared war upon Spain in 1635,Catalonia was in a strong bargaining position, since her eastern border was with France,thus opening the possibility of co-operation with France. Olivares decided to challengethe Catalans head on by using their boarder in the war against France, bringing Cataloniain to the war whether she liked it or not. Therefore he hoped to force Catalonia in theUnion by more covert means, because all prior attempts for direct action had failed. However Olivaresââ¬â¢ plan backfired, seemingly because he failed to recognise the deephatred of Madrid, the viceroy and all royalty among the Catalan people. Following thefailure of a six-month siege against the French at Salses, Olivares was furious andordered the royal ministers of the principality to ignore the Catalan constitution sincedefence of the realm outweighed it. This confirmed to many Catalans, the suspicions ofOlivaresââ¬â¢ ultimate motives the Castilianisation of Catalonia. Hence the peoplebecame more and more reluctant to stop the French. The fundamental agitators for revoltwere the Catalan clergy, lead by Pau Claris, who appealed to the peasants to hold fast toCataloniaââ¬â¢s historic liberties. In February, Olivares planned to meet with the Cortesof Catalonia to discuss the Union, with the shadow of the army backing him. However theCortes never met and between February and March 1640, the Catalonians clashed with thearmy. The pace of the revolt increased as prisoners were taken, notably Tamarit, acolleague of Claris. It was only on learning that Claris had been freed and Barcelona hadbeen marched on, that Olivares woke up to the fact that he was facing a large-scalerebellion. From that point he reversed his policies and on the 27th May, he ordered stepsto be taken to re-conciliate the Catalans. However his actions were just too late and ariot on 7th June, put the diputcio in control following the brutal murder of the Count ofSanta Coloma. Meanwhile the events within Catalonia had severe repercussions on Portugal leading to arevolt on 1st December 1640, when the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed King John IV. Olivares, seeing that total anarchy was a close possibility, looked to make peace with theDutch and the Catalans. However the Catalans were not interested since Spainââ¬â¢s troopswere still advancing towards Barcelona. On 23rd January, it was stated that Catalonia wasallied to the King of France. Immediately French forces aided the rebels and the Spanisharmy under Los Velez, was thwarted at Montjuich. This defeat set the seal of the 1640 disasters. Following years of neglect andexploitation the economy and political system were now in a state of disintegration. Although the process of disintegration had begun before Olivares, he can be seen toundermine the Castilian economy and furthermore cause the implosion of the Americaneconomy. Montjuich spelled the end for Olivares, although he made superhuman attempts toraise more men to form an army. However the opposition to him was too strong. He was hatedas a tyrant in Castile, and even nobles within his family were plotting against him. Philip IV was very reluctant to part with his valido since he had brought him up frombirth. However Olivaresââ¬â¢ worsening of the economy through his meddling with thevellon currency, and failure to prevent the French from taking Rousillon in Septemberdisplayed that he was simply incompetent. The Count of Castrillo was working in Madrid toundermine the validoââ¬â¢s position, and on Olivaresââ¬â¢ return it was made clear thathis time in office was limited. On 17th January 1643 the decision was taken to giveOlivares his leave, and on 23rd January he left for exile following twenty years in Madridunder his king. A statesman whose capacity for conceiving great designs was weakened only by hisconsistent incapacity in carrying them through to a successful conclusion. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-6641195199470157342019-11-28T14:00:00.001-08:002019-11-28T14:00:04.792-08:0094.9% / 674 words / Zhou 1Tangia ZhouENG2D 94.9% / 674 words / Zhou 1Tangia ZhouENG2D-10Mr Essay Zhou 1 Tangia Zhou ENG2D-10 Mr. Staff Mon. April. 30, 2018 Passion Versus Reason All decisions in life should be made with a balance of emotion and logic. If not balanced correctly, there will be consequences. Throughout Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare, the theme of emotions outweighing reason is explored, resulting in the deaths of many, including the deaths of young lovers, Romeo and Juliet. This is shown through many characters and their actions caused by their personalities, which eventually lead to their downfall. Along with that, the motif of fear causes emotions to outweigh reason, and on top of that, multiple conflicts arise, which cause many characters to think unclearly and use their judgement based on emotions solely. Firstly, Romeo is known to be a very emotional character, often becoming upset about small situations. He lets his emotions run wild when he kills himself after thinking his love, Juliet is dead. An example of this is when Romeo says ââ¬Å"Come, bitter conduct, come, unsavoury guide/ Thou desperate pilot, now at once run on/ The dashing rocks thy seasick, weary bark/ Hereââ¬â¢s to my love!â⬠(Shakespeare 5.3.116-119). Romeo was clearly sunken in sorrow at the fact that Juliet died, and he is only thinking with emotion, which leads to his demise. Moving on, Romeoââ¬â¢s emotions outweigh reason when he kills Tybalt, Julietââ¬â¢s cousin, after Tybalt kills Mercutio, Romeoââ¬â¢s loyal friend. Romeo was outraged with his friendââ¬â¢s death, and didnââ¬â¢t take the time to think about the consequences. His emotions were leading him to revenge, which led to Tybaltââ¬â¢s death and eventually, Romeoââ¬â¢s exile from Verona. Furthermore, Juliet is also known to be an emotional character, who makes many hasty actions due to her overwhelming emotion. Secondly, the motif of fear is often explored throughout the play. Fear causes people to do irrational things and there are always consequences. Firstly, Juliet is afraid of marrying Paris, the man she is forced to marry, so she takes a sleeping potion to make her appear dead. This is so when everyone thinks she\s dead, she can be retrieved by Romeo, who is in exile, when she wakes up. Juliet never thought about the consequences that could arise due to her taking the sleeping potion. This eventually causes Romeoââ¬â¢s death as new never went to him that Juliet faked her death, proving that fear has an influence on Julietââ¬â¢s emotion when coming up with a significant decision. In addition, male dominance as a motif occurs throughout the play many times through Tybalt, Julietââ¬â¢s cousin, who strongly represents the stereotypical dominant male. It is clear that emotions outrule reason when Tybalt enters hot blooded and ready to fight anyone. ââ¬Å"Boy, this shall not excus e the injuries// that thou hast done me; therefore turn and drawâ⬠(Shakespeare 3.1.65-66). He acts strong to defend his family honour, so it is because of his emotional anger that rules over reason, that eventually kills Mercutio at this sword fight. Finally, the motif of hate allows people to make irrational decisions using their emotions, without thinking about consequences. Finally, the figurative language in this play clearly demonstrates how emotions can overpower logic and reason. Firstly, there is the use of a hyperbole which in this case helps exaggerate the effect of the statement. Right after Romeo meets Juliet, he goes to Friar Laurence, a religious confessor and tells him ââ¬Å"I stand on sudden hasteâ⬠(Shakespeare 2.3.93), after telling him he wants to marry Juliet, whom he has just met. This shows that Romeo is lovestruck and is not thinking about the fact that it is not logical to marry someone the day after meeting them, thus proving the idea of emotions overpowering reason. Moving on, At some point in everyoneââ¬â¢s life, their emotions dictate reason and logic, and this occurs many times throughout the play of Romeo and Juliet. First, To conclude, although Romeo and Juliet were star crossed lovers, maybe they wouldnââ¬â¢t have d .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 , .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .postImageUrl , .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 , .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49:hover , .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49:visited , .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49:active { border:0!important; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49:active , .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49 .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb3658768e9a7635235620b7a81ade49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender issues in lysistrata, a Essay We will write a custom essay on 94.9% / 674 words / Zhou 1Tangia ZhouENG2D-10Mr specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Works Cited Shakespeare, William, et al. Romeo and Juliet: Teacher\s Guide. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Canada, 1987. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-26718228616841592302019-11-24T21:34:00.001-08:002019-11-24T21:34:04.120-08:00Meet an Online Company That Writes Original Papers for StudentsMeet an Online Company That Writes Original Papers for Students is a custom writing service founded in 2005 and focusing on premium quality academic research writing services. We provide custom research papers written for you from scratch. We also provide professional essay writers for hire they will write your paper to meet your academic needs. Looking for someone to write your paper? No Problem! We are a reliable, trustworthy professional essay writing service that will get you a top-quality product at a reasonable price. Our goal is also to provide you with a best custom term paper writing service on the web. 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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-37366087095861191042019-11-21T08:17:00.001-08:002019-11-21T08:17:09.650-08:00Edward abbey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsEdward abbey - Essay Example Abbey attended University of Mexico in 1951, where he did B.A. in Philosophy and English and also completed his masters in Philosophy. Abbeyââ¬â¢s writings are inspired from his life experiences. Desert Solitaire, published in 1968, which is considered one of the best narratives in nature writing, tells about Abbeyââ¬â¢s experience in Utah where he worked as a ranger. Abbeyââ¬â¢s writings are not only engaging and entertaining but they also serve as a wake-up call for the conservation of nature. Abbeyââ¬â¢s long list of essays and books include Jonathon Troy, Fire on the Mountain, Black sun but the book that earned him the greatest acclaim was ââ¬ËThe Monkey Wrench Gangââ¬â¢ which was published in 1975. The book coined the word ââ¬Ëmonkey wrenchingââ¬â¢ which meant to sabotage for the defense of environment. It is also speculated that the book inspired the formation of the militant group ââ¬ËEarth Firstââ¬â¢ (Cahalan). His orneriness over environmental i ssues made Abbey a hero among the activists of his time. This protagonist of radical environmentalism died at the age of 62 and was buried in the state of Arizona. Works Cited Cahalan, James M. Edward Abbey: A Life . University of Arizona Press; , 2001. Print Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-49400230569358752502019-11-20T11:17:00.001-08:002019-11-20T11:17:06.662-08:00Teaching methods and strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsTeaching methods and strategy - Essay Example It evolves and conforms according to the imagination and opinion of the teacher. The teacher is provided with numerous techniques that can be applied in ensuring that the learners comprehend and utilize the accumulated and assimilated knowledge. Such strategies and methods include gaming quizzes, lectures, class discussion, story and role playing, brainstorming, active learning, distance learning, and case method. The current society requires learners who are creative, proactive, and flexible in communicating ideas and thoughts, making decisions, and working effectively within groups and teams. Possessing knowledge is not enough to succeed or make a difference in the current ever-changing world; teachers have a crucial role in moulding learners to fit and be competitive through application of effective teaching methods and strategies. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the stipulated methods is presented with a suggestion of the most effective level of applica bility. Gaming Quizzes Games are used to enhance competition, participation, and feedback during teaching (Accardi, Drabinski and Kumbier, 2010). They serve as a motivator and entail practical application of learning concepts. The technique is efficiently applicable when teaching children and primary level learners. In gaming quizzes, the expatriates are actively involved in the exercise. This frustrates boredom and enhances motivation and positive attitudes towards learning. Gaming promotes team work and application of collaborative efforts towards solving educational problems. The trainers are able to obtain feedback on learning progress of the expatriate candidates instantly. Practical application of theoretical concepts in the form of games instils confidence among learners in acquiring education facts. However, gaming quizzes can discourage learners who are not competitive compared to their colleagues. Gaming may lead to rivalry and unhealthy relationship among competing groups . Most members would shun creativity and device short cuts or crude methods to secure victory as most of the games are focused towards winning. Another weakness is that team work may derail the application of individual efforts. Lecture Lecture method entails the teacher solely controlling the core focus of information transfer. The instructor normally positions him or herself in front of a class and presents educational facts to the students who are listening and taking notes. Occasionally, teachers use a board or overhead projector to provide visuals to the learners. The method is normally common at all levels of learning although the use of visuals is common with higher levels of learning. Minimal exchange exists between the instructors and students in this learning method. When preparing for a lecture, the instructor should have a clear introduction and summary of the topic of discussion (Lang and Evans, 2006). Lectures should also be presented in the form of summary with time u tility. The message being relayed is made clearer through the use of examples and anecdotes. Lectures are advantageous in that the proceedings of a lecture session can be recorded for future reference. The method is a fast and straight forward way of relaying knowledge to a large, Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-32028719287292988702019-11-18T04:55:00.001-08:002019-11-18T04:55:03.609-08:00HOMEWORK 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1HOMEWORK 8 - Essay Example The investor acquires a significant influence when he/she a stock of 20 & 50 percentage of the total stock. The report indicates the investorââ¬â¢s equity in relation to that of the investee on the income statement after carrying out all the necessary adjustments on the investment balance before determining the dividends received. According to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, (2011) the equity recorded on the investeeââ¬â¢s income is the investorsââ¬â¢ share in the report income after carrying out the amortization on the net investment. The report also indicates the losses incurred in the income.The investor also gain the control when the rights offer an opportunity on the current ability that coordinates the relevant activities in the firm. The power of an investor is determined basing on the concepts of relevant activities and the existing rights in the firm. The investor gains the control through the voting rights and the other contractual arrangements in the firm. In general, the investor acquires full control when the existing rights provide current liability that directly affects the investeeââ¬â¢s returns. In the assessment process, all the substantive rights are put into consideration. Bartzokas & Mani states that the investor has total control on specific assets of the investee in the firm. The voting rights must not dominate the control of the stock as all the administrative tasks must be put into Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5721061468690485646.post-25723465941084121322019-11-15T17:26:00.001-08:002019-11-15T17:26:08.189-08:00Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences ResearchEntrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences Research ABSTRACT In Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. In the modern day today, the technology was developed in advance; the internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship. This research is a study on the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. This study can let us to have a better understanding about the choices of undergraduate in choosing to involve in entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship. Undergraduate students will use traditionally en trepreneurship way or the modern e-entrepreneurship way to promote their products or services. Subsequently, this research objective is to investigate the determinant of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The independent variables of the determinants are education, prior knowledge, experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and opportunity identification. Questionnaire will be distributed randomly to two hundred and fifty respondents and the data will be tested. PREFACE This research study is the final project of my Bachelor of Degree in Multimedia University, Faculty of Business and Law. I spend much time and effort in completing this research, and it will be useful for the references of government and non-government institution as their references to view into the undergraduate entrepreneurial intention toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The topic of this research is the preferences of undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. In this research, the determinants of undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship are also determined and investigated. The research consists of five chapters. The first chapter is for the introduction to the relevant topic and the objectives of the study. Chapter two is the literature review for the determinants of undergraduates on involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Follow by chapter three is the research methodology which included the theoreti cal framework and the sampling method. While in the chapter four is the data analysis for the results and discussion. The last chapter of this research is the conclusion and the summary for this whole study as well as the recommendation and the limitation to the research for further studies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my leading supervisor, Madam Rahayu binti Tasnim. Without her guidance and advises, I believe it is hard to complete this research study. I would also like to thank to my family and my friends who are supporting me all the ways. Their endless cares and loves do support me all the way in completing this research. Chapter 1 Introduction Overview In this chapter, it is an introduction part of the research. The introduction starts with the explanation of entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship among the undergraduates. Next, the problem statement and the research objectives will be discussed and the last part in this chapter is the significant of the study, scope of the study and the organization of the study. Entrepreneurship among undergraduates The individual or people who create and grow the business can define as entrepreneurs. The entrepreneur term is derived in French economics since 17th and 18th, and it has much significant meaning and rich history (Gregory, 2001). The word entrepreneur comes from the French word which means to undertake, and in the business perspective, entrepreneur means to start a business. According to Hebert and Link (1989), they say entrepreneur is someone who takes responsibility in making judgmental decision on the use of resources to create a venture. The process of the entrepreneurs created and developed to make the profit can define as entrepreneurship (Dabson, Brian and Marcoux, 2003). Different researchers have the different point of view toward the definition of entrepreneurship. Ucbasaran (2001) said that the term of entrepreneurship has no general accepted definition. OECD (1998); Praag (1999); Lumpkin and Dess (1996); Bull and Wilard (1993) support the argument of the term of entrepreneurship that does not have the general accepted definition; they argued the definition of entrepreneurship is largely depending on the research focus on which area. In the Austrian or Schumpeterian economics, they define entrepreneurship as to gain the expectation profit by utilize the resources (Schumpeter 1934, Hayek 1945, Kirzner 1973, Casson 1982, Shane 2003). Entrepreneur can use the resources like funding advisory, low interest loan or government support to run their business. Law and MacMillan (1998) define the entrepreneurship as the creation of new enterprise which means the entrepreneurial intention is the source of a person to start up their business. Entrepreneurship is also defined as the process of an individual who is innovative and able to take the risk to create value (Sexton Kasarda, 1992). In Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. Malaysia involves in entrepreneurship since the fifteenth century when the kingdom of Malacca was the trade centre due to its strategic geographer place. Many traders from China, India, Portugal, and others are coming to Malacca and trade with other traders. There are many policies in Malaysia are supporting to the entrepreneurs, including funding, physical infrastructure and business advisory services. The government is playing an important role in entrepreneurship development. There are many institutions are helping to develop entrepreneurship, for instances, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), is focusing on entrepreneurship training, Ministry of Entrepreneur is coordinating all the matters regarding to the entrepreneurship, Bank Negara plays a role in financing, Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC) responsible in coordinating the development of SMIs and others institutions. In the years of 90s, Malaysias government turns the economic strategy to industrialization due to the shift in the government policies. The industrialization also names as privatization and Malaysia Incorporated, which cultivate the development in entrepreneurship. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The data of the equity ratio of entrepreneurs shows the number of entrepreneurship in Malaysia has been increasing dramatically due to the transition to high-technology and the New Development Policy (NDP) promoted by the government which was targeted to achieve fully development by the year 2020. The NDP was the beginning of the knowledge-intensive and high technologies era into the entrepreneurial activities (Syahida Dr. Amran, 2005). In the previous times, the researchers view entrepreneurship is one of the important aspects toward the economic society. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to encourage people to be successful after they had started up their own business (Praag et al., 2000). There are many factors that can determine the success of an entrepreneur. In the table above, we will look at the summarized of the determinants of successful entrepreneurship, which arise from the literature, taken from van Praag (1999). The table shows the determinants that stem from the classical views and also propose in the literature. In the recent times, entrepreneurial education becomes more popular and acceptable by the undergraduates in the tertiary education. Entrepreneurship education has to become an essential component to cultivate the potential entrepreneurs in the private and public higher learning institutions. Entrepreneurship education is the most effective way to promote the transition of graduates toward the self-employment (Ismail et al., 2009). Hart and Harrison (1992) have done an investigation to the tendency of undergraduates in involvement to run their business in Northern Ireland, the research showed 47% of students were expressed the intention to run their own business. The result of the high percentage of students would like to run their business is because those undergraduates are considering running own business or self-employment as a career (Karr, 1985). Krugeger et al. (2000) said the entrepreneurial intent is very important because it is the primary predictor of future entrepreneurial behavior, so it is an essential issue in entrepreneurship research to investigate the factors to determine the entrepreneurial intent. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) views planned behavior as the key for pre-start up process and the behavioral intent is the immediate determinant of planned behavior. Although many researchers say the entrepreneurial intention is the important issue to entrepreneurship, Wang and Wong (2004) said there is only a limited number on the studies about the influence factors for students entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship The traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. The traditional entrepreneurs need to raise capital, find a location, deal with suppliers, man power problems and others to complete their business set up. In the modern day today, the technology was developed in advance; the internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. Technology helps an entrepreneur to save time and capital during pre-start up process in e-business, e-Entrepreneur do not need to find a location for their store, not need to hire many employees and others. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship (Cheng Chang, 2004). Today, as we know that the e-entrepreneurship is more and more important and useful; the evidence of e-entrepreneurship development can be seen from the successful entrepreneurs at western countries like United States. The successful examples of e-entrepreneurship in United States are Google.com, yahoo.com, amazon.com, eBay.com, YouTube, Face book and etc. Google.com is one of the successful stories about young adults who have the information communication and technology (ICT) knowledge gets to involve in e-entrepreneurship (Eduardo, 2006). The internet is a powerful tool which can help the firm to solve the limitation on financial resources. Doing business online is much easier and cost saving if compare to traditional brick and mortal kind of business. Online business does not need so much man power to run the business, unlike the traditional business need to employ people like a cashier, promoter, storekeeper, cleaner, and so on. During the recent years, the electronic information technologies have increasingly supported the internal and external information and communication process in every industry sector. The internet is one of the advantages of technologies, helping the business development become more efficiency and effectiveness (Kollmann, 2006). According to Matlay (2004), he discussed the term e-entrepreneurship is the new companies establish their business in the Net Economy. The Net Economy has a Direct influence in innovative business development which is based on the electronic information and communication network (e-ventures). The spread of information via the electronic data or the network is one of the factors to develop the growth of economic. If we compare 15th century and 20th century, the speed and usage of information via the network are relatively high in the later century. The information society nowadays is characterized by the rigorous use of the information technologies and the changing from industrial to a knowledge society (Evans and Wurster, 1997). Kollmann (2006) pointed out that, the information industry sector is shifting from the traditional economic sectors like production sector; service sector; and agriculture sector. The expansion of electronic data networks and the growth of IT formed a new bus iness dimension which calls as network economy or Net Economy. The figure 1 shows the information technologies can let the people to obtain information more accessibility. Entrepreneurs use the advantages of the information technologies to involve in e-commerce or commercial purposes. It is a competitive advantage to an entrepreneur if he/she can obtain more knowledge and information in technological development. Successful e-entrepreneurs shall posse better information to the market and their customers (Weiber and Kollmann, 1998). Information technologies (IT) and networks are now becoming the important aspect upon every industry and service sectors (Scott, 1995). Knowledge is one of the most strategic resources in the new economy, affects the traditional business to review their traditional practices. Knowledge in IT takes advantage in dealing with new partnerships, innovation, social networks with customers, suppliers and help to detect the opportunities of new business in the future time (Malone and Laubacher, 1998). Bret and Champeaux (2000) said the cyber-entrepreneur mainly based on exploiting the networks by using the Internet technologies, intranets, and also the extranets. In the previous study done by the researchers, we can identify the characteristics of technology based entrepreneurs or e-entrepreneurs. Personal characteristics such as age and experience can influence entrepreneurs to make a decision on creating and developing their businesses (Kisfalvi, 2003). Blais and Toulouse (1992) had done a research on the average age of e-entrepreneurs. They found out their age were rather young when they launch their business, which were around 30 years old. The young e-entrepreneurs are familiar with their skills and acquired extensive experience with the technology after they have graduated from a university, and they tend to launch their own business. Roure and Keeley (1990) discussed the entrepreneurs previous experience can become the advantages for them to success in new technology-based ventures. Compare with the traditional entrepreneurs, the e-entrepreneurs in internet base are younger and educated, especially in technical domains. The motivations of the entrepreneurs are potential for higher income, inherent desire to innovate, flexible working time and others (Colombo and Delmastro, 2001). Problem Statement In the past time, Malaysian graduates seldom considered taking entrepreneurship as their career choice, it is because entrepreneurship is still not so popular and the graduates do not have much interest on it. However, according to the Salleh (2002) research, he observed that in the recent time, the number of graduates who are associated with entrepreneurship has been increased, but the figure is still remaining low, which is lower than 0.4 %. The Malaysian government is encouraging graduates to involve in either entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship under the knowledge Economy Master Plan in the year 2000. There are advantages for the graduates to take part in self-employment because entrepreneurship may promote creativity, innovation and create new job opportunities. There are also many successful examples of the involvement of young adults in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. One of the successful stories in e-entrepreneurship is the founder of Yahoo!, Jerry Yang and his partner creates Yahoo! after they were graduated from Stanford University. Pua-Khein-Seng, a Malaysian entrepreneur who is the founder of the USB flash memory pen drive also starts up his business when he was young. Some undergraduates have their own ideas and want to start up their business after they finished their studies. They want to promote their products or services to the customers, but they can choose to promote in conventionally or in online business. Which type of business is easier and beneficial to the undergraduates to choose for set up their own business? What are their preferences toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship? The government institutions are encouraging the undergraduate to be self-employed. They want to know what are the factors or determinants of undergraduates to join entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. What are the determinants of the undergraduate to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship? In the research later, we will find out which determinants affect the undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Research Objectives The General objective of this research is to identify the preferences among the undergraduates toward Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship. Next, the research will determine the correlation of the independent variables and dependent variables which are the determinants to the involvement of the undergraduates to entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. To identify the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship; To determine the determinants of undergraduates to the involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Significant of study Entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship play an important role in contributing to the nation economic growth and crate job opportunities to the country. E-entrepreneurship is also becoming more popular and acceptable by the people, especially young adult in Malaysia. The Malaysian government has taken a great effort in developing the entrepreneurship. Malaysian government provides tax incentives, business advisory, funding resources, loan, and others to the entrepreneurs in every sector, especially in SMEs and Multimedia sectors. The purpose of the government to give incentives is to foster younger entrepreneurs. The importance of this study is to explore the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Many researches are focusing in either entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship in the separate way but in this research, we will focus to the preferences of the undergraduate towards on both entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship together. Next, this research will study about the determinants impact on the involvement of undergraduates in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The determinants will affect each undergraduate to participate in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. We want to identify the importance of the determinants because it can be the relatively important guidelines or references to the government. The government can develop the suitable strategies and approaches after they identify the determinant for the undergraduates to involve in the sectors.. Scope of study This study is conducted in Peninsular Malaysia. The respondent in this research is restricted to the undergraduate students in Multimedia University, Malacca campus. Due to the time constraints, it is believed that the sample size of two hundred and fifty students is enough, the respondents are regardless to the age, gender, faculty, and major. The questionnaires will be distributed randomly to the respondents to obtain the primary data. The secondary data will be derived from the journals which obtained from the online database such as Emerald, Google scholar, Springer link and others online sources. The questionnaires will be designed and tested before distribute to the respondents. The questionnaires will be collected from the respondent and able to obtain the information, alternatives, and opinions, which are related to the objectives in this study. Organization of study The organization of this study comprises five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction part which will explain the definition of the topic, entrepreneurship among the undergraduates and the e-entrepreneurship. Next, the problem statements, research objectives and the significant of the study will be discussed to give a brief explanation to the topic of this study. In the last part of this chapter will be included the scope of study and the organization of study. Chapter two starts with the literature review on the young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education. Subsequently, the entrepreneurship in a modern network economy will also be reviewed. Then, follow by the literature review of the related variables to support this study. In this chapter, it includes all the related empirical studies, articles, journals, citation to strengthen on the topic. In chapter three, the research methodology is discussed. The research framework is designed to show the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Subsequently, the Hypothesis development, sampling plan, data collection method, questionnaires development, and data analysis methods are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four is explaining the results of the data analysis by using the related chart, graph, bar and data. At the end of this chapter, this chapter will come out the discussion and interpretation of the data analysis regarding to the topic discussed. Chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation to this study. This chapter will conclude to the topic of this study and the recommendation to the findings. The limitations of this research will also discuss in this chapter. Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction In this literature review chapter, we will review to the previously done researches and journals. Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education and the entrepreneurship in the modern network economy will be reviewed. Subsequently, is the literature review of all the variables, which are, knowledge and prior experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and the opportunity identification. Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education. The changing nature of work suggests that young people may face the prospect of a portfolio career including periods of paid employment, non work and self-employment, of which the latter implies greater scope of entrepreneurial activity (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Nowadays, there are plenty of young adults or graduates would like to start up their own business. They are self-employment and do not want to work under other people In particular, the entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces new products and technologies. The notion of entrepreneurship is associated with creativity and imagination, self-determination, and the abilities to make judgmental decisions and co-ordinate resources (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Young adults have their own creativity and innovation to promote their own products. They would like to earn money by start up a business to promote their ideas. Starting and operating a new business involves considerable risk and effort to overcome obstacles. Education, (especially for tertiary education) and entrepreneurship are highly correlated (Frederick, 2007). Reynolds et al., (2001) and GEM reports showed the educational achievement accounted for 40 percent of the cross-national variation in the total rate of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship education has been driven especially by academics, business leaders, entrepreneurs themselves, and even the government officials are seeking the advantage in the globalised world (Achleitner, 2006). The entrepreneurship education is very common and popular in the western countries such as United Kingdom and United States. Various UK governments have championed the concept of an enterprise culture (Roger and Martyn, 2000). The Kauffman Foundation research shows that 90 percent of master and doctoral degree-granting institutions in the United States now offer entrepreneurship subjects, and in most cases, many courses and degree options (Cone, 2007). There is also a research of entrepreneurship education done by Assumption University (Thailand), NCGE Southeast Asian Partner (2006), a study for the entrepreneurship education in South-East Asias higher education institutions (HEIs): there are Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The following is one of the charts of the study: The chart shows that Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in Malaysia still in the preliminary stage of the entrepreneurship development. According to Myrah Currie (2006), the entrepreneurship curriculum is still underdeveloped and lacks standards. University of Arizona (2004) shows that entrepreneurship education enhances a graduate ability to create wealth. A graduate who has entrepreneurship education has a greater chance to be a success entrepreneur compare to those who do not. Fayolle et al. (2006) showed that entrepreneurship education can have positive effects depending on the students background and the initial perspective. For example, Menzies Paradi (2003) found that among the 15-years group of engineering graduates, taking one or more courses in entrepreneurship was a strong predictor, and they will be reached to top management status in the later time. According to Lee Wong (2003), there is also a positive relationship exists between ones attitude towards entrepreneurial education and business start-up with the Anecdotal evidence, alumni and media reports to validate the relationship. There is research of An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship (Ingrid et al., 2001) showed that the decision of an individual to become a self-employed focus on the personal factors, for instances, the psychological traits, formal education and other skills, the financial assets, family background and previous working experience (Praag et al., 1989). There are also findings for the determinants of the entrepreneurship such as profit opportunities and opportunities for entry and exit (Bosma et al., 1996). Macro perspectives are focused on the economic factors, like technological, economic, and cultural variables and also the government regulations (OECD, 1998 Noorderhave, et al., 2001). Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy According to Nijkamp and Poot (2008), the conventional comparative advantage perspective on regions is not sufficient anymore to explain the relative economic performance of regions in a global economy. The participation of ICT networks, education systems, and business culture are also important factors of comparative advantage on economic performance. There is a new phenomenon in the modern economies where the emergence of interwoven global networks (Castells, 1996) allows the global interaction and communications. The global interaction and communication are a process through which market areas may obtain world-wide coverage, for instance, through the Internet. Entrepreneurship vs. e-Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship consist on the process of creating something new and assuming the risks and rewards, in contrast, e-Entrepreneurship will consist on creating owner business activity on the internet in some characterized in order to sell or able a service something only online, such as magazine subscription, cell phones, software, T-shirts, bags, shoes, and etc. (Eduardo, 2006). Educations, knowledge and prior experience In the recent decade, there is a growth in the educational programmes focusing in entrepreneurship. The growth of entrepreneurship education has increased the amount of entrepreneurs. Many entrepreneurship programs are helping students learn about how to start a business and how to run a business (Deborah et al., 2002). At the end of 20th century, entrepreneurship programs continued to growth and gain legitimacy within the world of academics, undergraduate students have had been increasing opportunities to study topics related to the entrepreneurial career track (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). There is an investigation done to investigate the impact of education on the level of entrepreneurship of a country. The investigation is done in the different level of education in the country, for example, primary school, secondary school and tertiary school. Reynolds, Hay and Camp (1999) concluded that the larger a country invested in education programs in the tertiary education, the higher is the rate of the new business or firms to be formed.. Undergraduate students interested in entrepreneurship are regardless of their declared field of study. Students who study engineering and IT are also having the interested to start their own business, no matter they plan to practice a profession, become a leader in a corporation, return to a family business or work in government, students see the value in learning what is taught in entrepreneurship classes (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). The entrepreneurship education they learn while in their tertiary education will enable them to be flexible and agile in their future workplace. Reynolds et al., (1999) said that there are several reasons why the education is important to the entrepreneurship. The first reason is the education provides individual with a sense of autonomy, independence and self confidence, the second is education makes self-awareness, the people are aware of their career choices and the third is education broadens the horizons of individuals. In summary, the education provides knowledge to the youngster to develop the entrepreneurial opportunities. Larry Penley, Dean of the college Business at Arizona State University, noted the move toward entrepreneurship across the curriculum in his address to the USASB-SBIDA conference in spring 2000. He notified that Universitys entrepreneurship programs will help to build a stronger small business sector compare to those small business owners who have little or no formal business education. A rapid growth of the new companies and the highly publicized dot.com phenomenon marked an important change in the economic environment in the beginning in mid 90s. The development of the technology such as internet has accelerated the internet-based business. The characters of internet-based business are quick start-up and low overhead; make self-employment appear more accessible to increasing the numbers of American, including those who were not specifically trained in business (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). Undergraduates are become more and more interested in learning about aspects of business start-up due to the successful example in the real business environment. For example, the two founders of Yahoo!, Jerry Yang 26 years old and his friend, David Filo, 28 years were graduated from Stanford University of United State. They build or create Yahoo from their hobby of responding to the persistent challenge to breakthrough in simplifying the use of internet. Yahoo began as a student hobby and evolved into a global brand that has changed the way people communicate with each other, find and access information and purchase things. Today the Yahoo! Inc. is a leading global internet communication, commerce and Media Company, which also provides online business and enterprise services to the users (Yahoo, 2009). Besides education is related to the intention to involve in entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship, the knowledge is also playing an important role in cultivating the Entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship. Braunerhjelm Lundblad (2007) pointed that knowledge is an externally factors for entrepreneurship. In the past times, the economic variables of knowledge, entrepr Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences Research Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences Research ABSTRACT In Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. In the modern day today, the technology was developed in advance; the internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship. This research is a study on the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. This study can let us to have a better understanding about the choices of undergraduate in choosing to involve in entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship. Undergraduate students will use traditionally en trepreneurship way or the modern e-entrepreneurship way to promote their products or services. Subsequently, this research objective is to investigate the determinant of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The independent variables of the determinants are education, prior knowledge, experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and opportunity identification. Questionnaire will be distributed randomly to two hundred and fifty respondents and the data will be tested. PREFACE This research study is the final project of my Bachelor of Degree in Multimedia University, Faculty of Business and Law. I spend much time and effort in completing this research, and it will be useful for the references of government and non-government institution as their references to view into the undergraduate entrepreneurial intention toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The topic of this research is the preferences of undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. In this research, the determinants of undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship are also determined and investigated. The research consists of five chapters. The first chapter is for the introduction to the relevant topic and the objectives of the study. Chapter two is the literature review for the determinants of undergraduates on involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Follow by chapter three is the research methodology which included the theoreti cal framework and the sampling method. While in the chapter four is the data analysis for the results and discussion. The last chapter of this research is the conclusion and the summary for this whole study as well as the recommendation and the limitation to the research for further studies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my leading supervisor, Madam Rahayu binti Tasnim. Without her guidance and advises, I believe it is hard to complete this research study. I would also like to thank to my family and my friends who are supporting me all the ways. Their endless cares and loves do support me all the way in completing this research. Chapter 1 Introduction Overview In this chapter, it is an introduction part of the research. The introduction starts with the explanation of entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship among the undergraduates. Next, the problem statement and the research objectives will be discussed and the last part in this chapter is the significant of the study, scope of the study and the organization of the study. Entrepreneurship among undergraduates The individual or people who create and grow the business can define as entrepreneurs. The entrepreneur term is derived in French economics since 17th and 18th, and it has much significant meaning and rich history (Gregory, 2001). The word entrepreneur comes from the French word which means to undertake, and in the business perspective, entrepreneur means to start a business. According to Hebert and Link (1989), they say entrepreneur is someone who takes responsibility in making judgmental decision on the use of resources to create a venture. The process of the entrepreneurs created and developed to make the profit can define as entrepreneurship (Dabson, Brian and Marcoux, 2003). Different researchers have the different point of view toward the definition of entrepreneurship. Ucbasaran (2001) said that the term of entrepreneurship has no general accepted definition. OECD (1998); Praag (1999); Lumpkin and Dess (1996); Bull and Wilard (1993) support the argument of the term of entrepreneurship that does not have the general accepted definition; they argued the definition of entrepreneurship is largely depending on the research focus on which area. In the Austrian or Schumpeterian economics, they define entrepreneurship as to gain the expectation profit by utilize the resources (Schumpeter 1934, Hayek 1945, Kirzner 1973, Casson 1982, Shane 2003). Entrepreneur can use the resources like funding advisory, low interest loan or government support to run their business. Law and MacMillan (1998) define the entrepreneurship as the creation of new enterprise which means the entrepreneurial intention is the source of a person to start up their business. Entrepreneurship is also defined as the process of an individual who is innovative and able to take the risk to create value (Sexton Kasarda, 1992). In Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. Malaysia involves in entrepreneurship since the fifteenth century when the kingdom of Malacca was the trade centre due to its strategic geographer place. Many traders from China, India, Portugal, and others are coming to Malacca and trade with other traders. There are many policies in Malaysia are supporting to the entrepreneurs, including funding, physical infrastructure and business advisory services. The government is playing an important role in entrepreneurship development. There are many institutions are helping to develop entrepreneurship, for instances, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), is focusing on entrepreneurship training, Ministry of Entrepreneur is coordinating all the matters regarding to the entrepreneurship, Bank Negara plays a role in financing, Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC) responsible in coordinating the development of SMIs and others institutions. In the years of 90s, Malaysias government turns the economic strategy to industrialization due to the shift in the government policies. The industrialization also names as privatization and Malaysia Incorporated, which cultivate the development in entrepreneurship. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The data of the equity ratio of entrepreneurs shows the number of entrepreneurship in Malaysia has been increasing dramatically due to the transition to high-technology and the New Development Policy (NDP) promoted by the government which was targeted to achieve fully development by the year 2020. The NDP was the beginning of the knowledge-intensive and high technologies era into the entrepreneurial activities (Syahida Dr. Amran, 2005). In the previous times, the researchers view entrepreneurship is one of the important aspects toward the economic society. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to encourage people to be successful after they had started up their own business (Praag et al., 2000). There are many factors that can determine the success of an entrepreneur. In the table above, we will look at the summarized of the determinants of successful entrepreneurship, which arise from the literature, taken from van Praag (1999). The table shows the determinants that stem from the classical views and also propose in the literature. In the recent times, entrepreneurial education becomes more popular and acceptable by the undergraduates in the tertiary education. Entrepreneurship education has to become an essential component to cultivate the potential entrepreneurs in the private and public higher learning institutions. Entrepreneurship education is the most effective way to promote the transition of graduates toward the self-employment (Ismail et al., 2009). Hart and Harrison (1992) have done an investigation to the tendency of undergraduates in involvement to run their business in Northern Ireland, the research showed 47% of students were expressed the intention to run their own business. The result of the high percentage of students would like to run their business is because those undergraduates are considering running own business or self-employment as a career (Karr, 1985). Krugeger et al. (2000) said the entrepreneurial intent is very important because it is the primary predictor of future entrepreneurial behavior, so it is an essential issue in entrepreneurship research to investigate the factors to determine the entrepreneurial intent. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) views planned behavior as the key for pre-start up process and the behavioral intent is the immediate determinant of planned behavior. Although many researchers say the entrepreneurial intention is the important issue to entrepreneurship, Wang and Wong (2004) said there is only a limited number on the studies about the influence factors for students entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship The traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. The traditional entrepreneurs need to raise capital, find a location, deal with suppliers, man power problems and others to complete their business set up. In the modern day today, the technology was developed in advance; the internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. Technology helps an entrepreneur to save time and capital during pre-start up process in e-business, e-Entrepreneur do not need to find a location for their store, not need to hire many employees and others. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship (Cheng Chang, 2004). Today, as we know that the e-entrepreneurship is more and more important and useful; the evidence of e-entrepreneurship development can be seen from the successful entrepreneurs at western countries like United States. The successful examples of e-entrepreneurship in United States are Google.com, yahoo.com, amazon.com, eBay.com, YouTube, Face book and etc. Google.com is one of the successful stories about young adults who have the information communication and technology (ICT) knowledge gets to involve in e-entrepreneurship (Eduardo, 2006). The internet is a powerful tool which can help the firm to solve the limitation on financial resources. Doing business online is much easier and cost saving if compare to traditional brick and mortal kind of business. Online business does not need so much man power to run the business, unlike the traditional business need to employ people like a cashier, promoter, storekeeper, cleaner, and so on. During the recent years, the electronic information technologies have increasingly supported the internal and external information and communication process in every industry sector. The internet is one of the advantages of technologies, helping the business development become more efficiency and effectiveness (Kollmann, 2006). According to Matlay (2004), he discussed the term e-entrepreneurship is the new companies establish their business in the Net Economy. The Net Economy has a Direct influence in innovative business development which is based on the electronic information and communication network (e-ventures). The spread of information via the electronic data or the network is one of the factors to develop the growth of economic. If we compare 15th century and 20th century, the speed and usage of information via the network are relatively high in the later century. The information society nowadays is characterized by the rigorous use of the information technologies and the changing from industrial to a knowledge society (Evans and Wurster, 1997). Kollmann (2006) pointed out that, the information industry sector is shifting from the traditional economic sectors like production sector; service sector; and agriculture sector. The expansion of electronic data networks and the growth of IT formed a new bus iness dimension which calls as network economy or Net Economy. The figure 1 shows the information technologies can let the people to obtain information more accessibility. Entrepreneurs use the advantages of the information technologies to involve in e-commerce or commercial purposes. It is a competitive advantage to an entrepreneur if he/she can obtain more knowledge and information in technological development. Successful e-entrepreneurs shall posse better information to the market and their customers (Weiber and Kollmann, 1998). Information technologies (IT) and networks are now becoming the important aspect upon every industry and service sectors (Scott, 1995). Knowledge is one of the most strategic resources in the new economy, affects the traditional business to review their traditional practices. Knowledge in IT takes advantage in dealing with new partnerships, innovation, social networks with customers, suppliers and help to detect the opportunities of new business in the future time (Malone and Laubacher, 1998). Bret and Champeaux (2000) said the cyber-entrepreneur mainly based on exploiting the networks by using the Internet technologies, intranets, and also the extranets. In the previous study done by the researchers, we can identify the characteristics of technology based entrepreneurs or e-entrepreneurs. Personal characteristics such as age and experience can influence entrepreneurs to make a decision on creating and developing their businesses (Kisfalvi, 2003). Blais and Toulouse (1992) had done a research on the average age of e-entrepreneurs. They found out their age were rather young when they launch their business, which were around 30 years old. The young e-entrepreneurs are familiar with their skills and acquired extensive experience with the technology after they have graduated from a university, and they tend to launch their own business. Roure and Keeley (1990) discussed the entrepreneurs previous experience can become the advantages for them to success in new technology-based ventures. Compare with the traditional entrepreneurs, the e-entrepreneurs in internet base are younger and educated, especially in technical domains. The motivations of the entrepreneurs are potential for higher income, inherent desire to innovate, flexible working time and others (Colombo and Delmastro, 2001). Problem Statement In the past time, Malaysian graduates seldom considered taking entrepreneurship as their career choice, it is because entrepreneurship is still not so popular and the graduates do not have much interest on it. However, according to the Salleh (2002) research, he observed that in the recent time, the number of graduates who are associated with entrepreneurship has been increased, but the figure is still remaining low, which is lower than 0.4 %. The Malaysian government is encouraging graduates to involve in either entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship under the knowledge Economy Master Plan in the year 2000. There are advantages for the graduates to take part in self-employment because entrepreneurship may promote creativity, innovation and create new job opportunities. There are also many successful examples of the involvement of young adults in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. One of the successful stories in e-entrepreneurship is the founder of Yahoo!, Jerry Yang and his partner creates Yahoo! after they were graduated from Stanford University. Pua-Khein-Seng, a Malaysian entrepreneur who is the founder of the USB flash memory pen drive also starts up his business when he was young. Some undergraduates have their own ideas and want to start up their business after they finished their studies. They want to promote their products or services to the customers, but they can choose to promote in conventionally or in online business. Which type of business is easier and beneficial to the undergraduates to choose for set up their own business? What are their preferences toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship? The government institutions are encouraging the undergraduate to be self-employed. They want to know what are the factors or determinants of undergraduates to join entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. What are the determinants of the undergraduate to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship? In the research later, we will find out which determinants affect the undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Research Objectives The General objective of this research is to identify the preferences among the undergraduates toward Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship. Next, the research will determine the correlation of the independent variables and dependent variables which are the determinants to the involvement of the undergraduates to entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. To identify the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship; To determine the determinants of undergraduates to the involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Significant of study Entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship play an important role in contributing to the nation economic growth and crate job opportunities to the country. E-entrepreneurship is also becoming more popular and acceptable by the people, especially young adult in Malaysia. The Malaysian government has taken a great effort in developing the entrepreneurship. Malaysian government provides tax incentives, business advisory, funding resources, loan, and others to the entrepreneurs in every sector, especially in SMEs and Multimedia sectors. The purpose of the government to give incentives is to foster younger entrepreneurs. The importance of this study is to explore the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Many researches are focusing in either entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship in the separate way but in this research, we will focus to the preferences of the undergraduate towards on both entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship together. Next, this research will study about the determinants impact on the involvement of undergraduates in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The determinants will affect each undergraduate to participate in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. We want to identify the importance of the determinants because it can be the relatively important guidelines or references to the government. The government can develop the suitable strategies and approaches after they identify the determinant for the undergraduates to involve in the sectors.. Scope of study This study is conducted in Peninsular Malaysia. The respondent in this research is restricted to the undergraduate students in Multimedia University, Malacca campus. Due to the time constraints, it is believed that the sample size of two hundred and fifty students is enough, the respondents are regardless to the age, gender, faculty, and major. The questionnaires will be distributed randomly to the respondents to obtain the primary data. The secondary data will be derived from the journals which obtained from the online database such as Emerald, Google scholar, Springer link and others online sources. The questionnaires will be designed and tested before distribute to the respondents. The questionnaires will be collected from the respondent and able to obtain the information, alternatives, and opinions, which are related to the objectives in this study. Organization of study The organization of this study comprises five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction part which will explain the definition of the topic, entrepreneurship among the undergraduates and the e-entrepreneurship. Next, the problem statements, research objectives and the significant of the study will be discussed to give a brief explanation to the topic of this study. In the last part of this chapter will be included the scope of study and the organization of study. Chapter two starts with the literature review on the young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education. Subsequently, the entrepreneurship in a modern network economy will also be reviewed. Then, follow by the literature review of the related variables to support this study. In this chapter, it includes all the related empirical studies, articles, journals, citation to strengthen on the topic. In chapter three, the research methodology is discussed. The research framework is designed to show the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Subsequently, the Hypothesis development, sampling plan, data collection method, questionnaires development, and data analysis methods are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter four is explaining the results of the data analysis by using the related chart, graph, bar and data. At the end of this chapter, this chapter will come out the discussion and interpretation of the data analysis regarding to the topic discussed. Chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation to this study. This chapter will conclude to the topic of this study and the recommendation to the findings. The limitations of this research will also discuss in this chapter. Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction In this literature review chapter, we will review to the previously done researches and journals. Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education and the entrepreneurship in the modern network economy will be reviewed. Subsequently, is the literature review of all the variables, which are, knowledge and prior experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and the opportunity identification. Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education. The changing nature of work suggests that young people may face the prospect of a portfolio career including periods of paid employment, non work and self-employment, of which the latter implies greater scope of entrepreneurial activity (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Nowadays, there are plenty of young adults or graduates would like to start up their own business. They are self-employment and do not want to work under other people In particular, the entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces new products and technologies. The notion of entrepreneurship is associated with creativity and imagination, self-determination, and the abilities to make judgmental decisions and co-ordinate resources (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Young adults have their own creativity and innovation to promote their own products. They would like to earn money by start up a business to promote their ideas. Starting and operating a new business involves considerable risk and effort to overcome obstacles. Education, (especially for tertiary education) and entrepreneurship are highly correlated (Frederick, 2007). Reynolds et al., (2001) and GEM reports showed the educational achievement accounted for 40 percent of the cross-national variation in the total rate of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship education has been driven especially by academics, business leaders, entrepreneurs themselves, and even the government officials are seeking the advantage in the globalised world (Achleitner, 2006). The entrepreneurship education is very common and popular in the western countries such as United Kingdom and United States. Various UK governments have championed the concept of an enterprise culture (Roger and Martyn, 2000). The Kauffman Foundation research shows that 90 percent of master and doctoral degree-granting institutions in the United States now offer entrepreneurship subjects, and in most cases, many courses and degree options (Cone, 2007). There is also a research of entrepreneurship education done by Assumption University (Thailand), NCGE Southeast Asian Partner (2006), a study for the entrepreneurship education in South-East Asias higher education institutions (HEIs): there are Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The following is one of the charts of the study: The chart shows that Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in Malaysia still in the preliminary stage of the entrepreneurship development. According to Myrah Currie (2006), the entrepreneurship curriculum is still underdeveloped and lacks standards. University of Arizona (2004) shows that entrepreneurship education enhances a graduate ability to create wealth. A graduate who has entrepreneurship education has a greater chance to be a success entrepreneur compare to those who do not. Fayolle et al. (2006) showed that entrepreneurship education can have positive effects depending on the students background and the initial perspective. For example, Menzies Paradi (2003) found that among the 15-years group of engineering graduates, taking one or more courses in entrepreneurship was a strong predictor, and they will be reached to top management status in the later time. According to Lee Wong (2003), there is also a positive relationship exists between ones attitude towards entrepreneurial education and business start-up with the Anecdotal evidence, alumni and media reports to validate the relationship. There is research of An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship (Ingrid et al., 2001) showed that the decision of an individual to become a self-employed focus on the personal factors, for instances, the psychological traits, formal education and other skills, the financial assets, family background and previous working experience (Praag et al., 1989). There are also findings for the determinants of the entrepreneurship such as profit opportunities and opportunities for entry and exit (Bosma et al., 1996). Macro perspectives are focused on the economic factors, like technological, economic, and cultural variables and also the government regulations (OECD, 1998 Noorderhave, et al., 2001). Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy According to Nijkamp and Poot (2008), the conventional comparative advantage perspective on regions is not sufficient anymore to explain the relative economic performance of regions in a global economy. The participation of ICT networks, education systems, and business culture are also important factors of comparative advantage on economic performance. There is a new phenomenon in the modern economies where the emergence of interwoven global networks (Castells, 1996) allows the global interaction and communications. The global interaction and communication are a process through which market areas may obtain world-wide coverage, for instance, through the Internet. Entrepreneurship vs. e-Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship consist on the process of creating something new and assuming the risks and rewards, in contrast, e-Entrepreneurship will consist on creating owner business activity on the internet in some characterized in order to sell or able a service something only online, such as magazine subscription, cell phones, software, T-shirts, bags, shoes, and etc. (Eduardo, 2006). Educations, knowledge and prior experience In the recent decade, there is a growth in the educational programmes focusing in entrepreneurship. The growth of entrepreneurship education has increased the amount of entrepreneurs. Many entrepreneurship programs are helping students learn about how to start a business and how to run a business (Deborah et al., 2002). At the end of 20th century, entrepreneurship programs continued to growth and gain legitimacy within the world of academics, undergraduate students have had been increasing opportunities to study topics related to the entrepreneurial career track (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). There is an investigation done to investigate the impact of education on the level of entrepreneurship of a country. The investigation is done in the different level of education in the country, for example, primary school, secondary school and tertiary school. Reynolds, Hay and Camp (1999) concluded that the larger a country invested in education programs in the tertiary education, the higher is the rate of the new business or firms to be formed.. Undergraduate students interested in entrepreneurship are regardless of their declared field of study. Students who study engineering and IT are also having the interested to start their own business, no matter they plan to practice a profession, become a leader in a corporation, return to a family business or work in government, students see the value in learning what is taught in entrepreneurship classes (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). The entrepreneurship education they learn while in their tertiary education will enable them to be flexible and agile in their future workplace. Reynolds et al., (1999) said that there are several reasons why the education is important to the entrepreneurship. The first reason is the education provides individual with a sense of autonomy, independence and self confidence, the second is education makes self-awareness, the people are aware of their career choices and the third is education broadens the horizons of individuals. In summary, the education provides knowledge to the youngster to develop the entrepreneurial opportunities. Larry Penley, Dean of the college Business at Arizona State University, noted the move toward entrepreneurship across the curriculum in his address to the USASB-SBIDA conference in spring 2000. He notified that Universitys entrepreneurship programs will help to build a stronger small business sector compare to those small business owners who have little or no formal business education. A rapid growth of the new companies and the highly publicized dot.com phenomenon marked an important change in the economic environment in the beginning in mid 90s. The development of the technology such as internet has accelerated the internet-based business. The characters of internet-based business are quick start-up and low overhead; make self-employment appear more accessible to increasing the numbers of American, including those who were not specifically trained in business (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). Undergraduates are become more and more interested in learning about aspects of business start-up due to the successful example in the real business environment. For example, the two founders of Yahoo!, Jerry Yang 26 years old and his friend, David Filo, 28 years were graduated from Stanford University of United State. They build or create Yahoo from their hobby of responding to the persistent challenge to breakthrough in simplifying the use of internet. Yahoo began as a student hobby and evolved into a global brand that has changed the way people communicate with each other, find and access information and purchase things. Today the Yahoo! Inc. is a leading global internet communication, commerce and Media Company, which also provides online business and enterprise services to the users (Yahoo, 2009). Besides education is related to the intention to involve in entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship, the knowledge is also playing an important role in cultivating the Entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship. Braunerhjelm Lundblad (2007) pointed that knowledge is an externally factors for entrepreneurship. In the past times, the economic variables of knowledge, entrepr Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0